A Survey on Holes Problem in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Abstract

The paper aims to put in the forefront a survey on the existing holes problem in the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs). Anomalies in wireless sensor networks can weaken the network by impeding their functionalities. These existing anomalies commonly known as holes may cause irreversible devastating problems and may prove fatal to humans. There can be a different kind of holes in the network such as coverage hole, routing hole, jamming hole, and sink/ worm hole, etc. This paper intends to discuss in entirely various holes problems in WUSNs, reasons behind their occurrence and different techniques to mitigate the issues. An efficient hole detection technique shall increase network lifetime, use lesser resources and give accurate results with zero false positive. To put a light on the present scenario, methods/ techniques used to cope with different types of holes have been discussed in detail, presenting their analysis, constraints, and advantages. Besides, it would also touch upon the comparative analysis in terms of soundness and limitations of these techniques. The study is concluded with future research directions.

Wireless Sensor Security Issues on Data Link Layer: A Survey

“…2 shows the paper selection mechanism regarding the targeted domain. • Background and statistics (15) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] • Similarities of WSN And IoT (1) [17] • Issues In WSN and IoT frameworks (11) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] • Network security attacks in IoT and WSNs (7) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] • Issues of data link layer [48][49][50]…”

“…Furthermore, it is frequently utilized to carry out novel assaults such as specific sending ambushes, perception satirizing strikes, left or changed directing data, and a hostile node generates forged guiding data. It poses as a genuine node for the course [40][41][42][43][44].…”

“…Since it is a retransmitted frame, the receiver will be able to tell right away. One of its main duties falls under the purview of the data connection layer [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Similarly, the data link layer deals with transmission problems; it provides transmission acknowledgment of frames to protect connections if a structure is lost and is also responsible for recognizing and eliminating duplicate frames.…”