A Survey on Exotic Signatures for Post-quantum Blockchain: Challenges and Research Directions

Abstract

Blockchain technology provides efficient and secure solutions to various online activities by utilizing a wide range of cryptographic tools. In this paper, we survey the existing literature on post-quantum secure digital signatures that possess exotic advanced features and which are crucial cryptographic tools used in the blockchain ecosystem for (i) account management, (ii) consensus efficiency, (iii) empowering scriptless blockchain, and (iv) privacy. The exotic signatures that we particularly focus on in this work are the following: multi-/aggregate, threshold, adaptor, blind and ring signatures. Herein the term exotic refers to signatures with properties which are not just beyond the norm for signatures e.g. unforgeability, but also imbue new forms of functionalities. Our treatment of such exotic signatures includes discussions on existing challenges and future research directions in the post-quantum space. We hope that this article will help to foster further research to make post-quantum cryptography more accessible so that blockchain systems can be made ready in advance of the approaching quantum threats.

A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

“…In recent years, researchers and practitioners have shown considerable interest in the potential threats posed by Shor's and Grover's algorithms to blockchains [13], [14], [15], [16], [46], [47]. As mentioned, two distinct approaches have gained momentum in addressing the long-term security and resilience of blockchain technology.…”

“…As mentioned, two distinct approaches have gained momentum in addressing the long-term security and resilience of blockchain technology. The first approach centers around substituting the susceptible components of blockchains, such as cryptographic algorithms and hash functions, with robust classical post-quantum algorithms that can withstand quantum attacks [13], [15], [16]. The second approach revolves around leveraging the capabilities of quantum computing itself by integrating quantum computing algorithms, concepts, and tools into the architecture and deployment of blockchains.…”

“…In Section III, we provide an overview of post-quantum cryptography and its related technologies. Detailed information of post-quantum cryptosystems can be found in [8], [13], [16].…”

“…The purpose is to facilitate an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each technology, encourage innovation, and guide the development of blockchain systems that can withstand the challenges presented by quantum computing. While there have been several surveys and reviews on post-quantum or quantum blockchains [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], there is a lack of extensive discussions and comparisons, including both post-quantum and quantum blockchains. This paper seeks to fill this gap by presenting a detailed analysis of these two technologies.…”

Impact of Post Quantum Digital Signatures On Block Chain: Comparative Analysis

“…Studies on PQC have been extensive due to this possible danger. More study and comparison of post-quantum digital signature systems within a block chain environment is required, especially with regard to scalability, efficiency, and security, notwithstanding these steps (Buser et al, 2023). Up to now, most studies have focused on PQC's theoretical aspects; however, its actual integration with block chain technology has received surprisingly little attention, hence far, leaving this important gap in our knowledge unfilled.…”