A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

Yang, Zebo; Alfauri, Haneen; Farkiani, Behrooz; Jain, Raj; Pietro, Roberto Di; Erbad, Aiman

doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3325761

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 186 publications

(291 reference statements)

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“…At the applications layer, solutions such as quantum cloud services, quantum blockchains, quantum artificial intelligence (AI), and quantum cryptography showcase the potential real-world uses of quantum technologies. 5,[43][44][45][46] Finally, at the markets layer, the stack emphasizes the wide-ranging sectors that quantum technologies can influence, e.g., computing, networking, clouds, FinTech, medical, and sensing, underlining the vast impact quantum advancements can have across industries.…”

Section: Author Declarations Conflict Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asynchronous entanglement routing for the quantum internet

Yang,

Ghubaish,

Jain

et al. 2024

AVS Quantum Science

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With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantum networking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantum repeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensure quantum communication over long distances. We focus on repeaters that employ entanglement generation and swapping. This revolves around establishing remote end-to-end entanglement through repeaters, a concept we denote as the “quantum-native” repeaters (also called “first-generation” repeaters in some literature). The challenges in routing with quantum-native repeaters arise from probabilistic entanglement generation and restricted coherence time. Current approaches use synchronized time slots to search for entanglement-swapping paths, resulting in inefficiencies. Here, we propose a new set of asynchronous routing protocols for quantum networks by incorporating the idea of maintaining a dynamic topology in a distributed manner, which has been extensively studied in classical routing for lossy networks, such as using a destination-oriented directed acyclic graph or a spanning tree. The protocols update the entanglement-link topology asynchronously, identify optimal entanglement-swapping paths, and preserve unused direct-link entanglements. Our results indicate that asynchronous protocols achieve a larger upper bound with an appropriate setting and significantly higher entanglement rate than existing synchronous approaches, and the rate increases with coherence time, suggesting that it will have a much more profound impact on quantum networks as technology advances.

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Section: Author Declarations Conflict Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asynchronous entanglement routing for the quantum internet

Yang,

Ghubaish,

Jain

et al. 2024

AVS Quantum Science

Self Cite

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“…Lattice-based post-quantum cryptography plays a crucial role in preparing blockchain technology for the quantum computing age due to its efficiency and straightforward implementation [14]. Alongside, hash-based signatures have gained traction for their simplicity, such as the use of hash trees, and enhanced security features.…”

Section: A Post-quantum Versus Quantum Blockchains 1) Post-quantum Bl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this section, we briefly discuss the state of art existing related surveys, and compare them with the proposed survey. Yang et al [14] first discussed post-quantum blockchains, where they utilize the classical cryptographic primitives that are resilient to quantum attacks. Next, they explored the quantum blockchains, that can leverage the power of quantum computers as well as networks for the foundations of blockchains.…”

Section: Existing Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic Quantum Blockchain-Envisioned Security Framework for IoT Environment: Architecture, Security Benefits and Future Research

Wazid,

Das,

Park

2024

IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc.

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Quantum cryptography has the potential to secure the infrastructures that are vulnerable to various attacks, like classical attacks, including quantum-related attacks. Therefore, quantum cryptography seems to be a promising technology for the future secure online infrastructures and applications, like blockchain-based frameworks. In this paper, we propose a generic quantum blockchain-envisioned security framework for an Internet of Things (IoT) environment. We then discuss some potential applications of the proposed framework. We also highlight the security advantages of quantum cryptography-based systems. We explain the working of blockchain, applications of blockchain, types of blockchain, the structure of blockchain, the structure of blockchain in a classical blockchain, and the structure of a block in a quantum blockchain context. Next, the adverse effects of quantum computing on the security of blockchain-based frameworks are highlighted. Furthermore, the comparisons of quantum cryptographybased security schemes, like quantum key distribution, quantum digital signature, and quantum hashing schemes, are provided. Finally, some future research directions related to the designed generic quantum blockchain-envisioned security framework for IoT are provided.

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Keeping Verticals’ Sovereignty During Application Migration in Continuum

Kotulski,

Nowak,

Sepczuk

et al. 2024

J Netw Syst Manage

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Competing service providers in the cloud environment ensure services are delivered under the promised security requirements. It is crucial for mobile services where user’s movement results in the service’s migration between edge servers or clouds in the Continuum. Maintaining service sovereignty before, during, and after the migration is a real challenge, especially when the service provider has committed to ensuring its quality following the Service Level Agreement. In this paper, we present the main challenges mobile service providers face in a cloud environment to guarantee the required level of security and digital sovereignty as described in the Security Service Level Agreement, with emphasis on challenges resulting from the service migration between the old and new locations. We present the security and sovereignty context intended for migration and the steps of the migration algorithm. We also analyze three specific service migration cases for three vertical industries with different service quality requirements.

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A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

Cited by 4 publications

References 186 publications

Asynchronous entanglement routing for the quantum internet

Asynchronous entanglement routing for the quantum internet

Generic Quantum Blockchain-Envisioned Security Framework for IoT Environment: Architecture, Security Benefits and Future Research

Keeping Verticals’ Sovereignty During Application Migration in Continuum

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