A survey of sleeping sickness in Northern Nigeria from the earliest times to the present day

Duggan, Alan

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(62)90070-6

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Further analysis of the result showed that trypanosome infection of goats occurred only in the rainy season suggesting that there was encroachment of tsetse on settlement areas which also exposed humans to tsetse bites and trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Kaduna State previously known to be an endemic focus for the human disease was controlled to below endemic proportions (9,10). Although there had been general resurgence in sleeping sickness in parts of the country (11), the true situation in Kaduna State is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria

Abenga¹,

Lawani²,

Omotainse³

et al. 2017

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Tsetse fly and trypanosome prevalence in ruminants were estimated in April and August, peak months of the dry and rainy seasons in the Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) of Kaduna State, North Central Nigeria. This study was subsequent to reports of seasonal outmigration of semi nomadic Fulani from the grazing reserve due to death of cattle from trypanosomosis. Result of blood samples showed an overall parasitological infection rate of 17.4%. Infection rates in cattle, sheep and goats were, 18.6%, 9.5% and 5.1% respectively. Over all higher infection rate in the rainy season was attributed to abundance of tsetse and other hematophagus flies. Infection rate in younger animals (21.9%) was higher compared to those of older animals (16.5%). Trypanosoma vivax was the dominant infecting trypanosome specie followed by T. congolense and T. brucei.It was concluded that tsetse fly and trypanosomosis constituted dual plagues limiting economic livestock production and settling of the pastoralists in the grazing reserve. This warrants application of sustainable integrated control measures to enhance utilization of abundant fodder at the reserve.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria

Abenga¹,

Lawani²,

Omotainse³

et al. 2017

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…Furthermore, antisera to the predominant antigens of the four isolates reacted with few of the antigens of the other trypanosomes. Human trypanosomiasis is endemic in the area in which the trypanosomes were isolated (Duggan, 1962) and it is possible that these unusual isolates were the human pathogen Trypanosurna gambiense rather than T. brucei, particularly since the tsetse flies Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides, which are normally associated with the transmission of T. gambiense in Nigeria, were…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Antigenic Relationships of Isolates of Trypanosoma brucei Collected from a Herd of Cattle Kept in One Locality for Five Years

Gray

1970

Journal of General Microbiology

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During surveys of the prevalence of trypanosomiasis, 37 isolates of trypanosomes of the subgenus Tr.ypanozoon were collected over a period of five years from a herd of cattle kept on a farm in an area in Nigeria where human and animal trypanosomiasis is endemic. Thirty-three were typical isolates of Trypanosoma brucei but four were unusual in several respects and their identity was uncertain.The antigenic relationships of the trypanosomes were determined by agglutination tests using antisera to the predominant variant antigens of each isolate. Comparisons of groups of isolates obtained in two of the surveys showed that some of the animals in the herd were infected with antigenically related trypanosomes. Four isolates obtained in one survey had antigens in common and probably belonged to one trypanosome strain, while 26 isolates obtained in another survey seemed to have been derived from three different strains. At least ten animals examined in the latter survey were infected with two strains of Trypanosoma brucei at the same time. Comparisons of trypanosomes obtained in successive surveys showed that one isolate was very closely related to four isolates obtained from different animals two years later. Agglutination and neutralization tests, and a study of variant antigen production by clones prepared from the first isolate and one of the later group of four isolates, established the antigenic similarity of these trypanosomes and provided direct evidence of the long-term antigenic stability of a trypanosome strain under field conditions. Apart from this notable exception, there was little antigenic relationship among the trypanosomes isolated from year to year and at least seven antigenically distinct strains of T. brucei were isolated from the herd in the five-year observation period.

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“…The state has three agro‐ecological zones (AEZ): A (southern), B (eastern) and C (northern) zones, with variable climatic conditions (MLFD, ). The southern zone, Niger basin, was purposely selected on the basis of its being an identified focus for sleeping sickness in northern Nigeria (Duggan, ). The zone has major constituents of evergreen vegetation with rivers and streams, woodland and thickets as well as ‘fadamas’.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, social determinants of health that include sociocultural factors of income, education, occupation, sex and tribe have the potentials to influence the outcomes of the disease (Bell et al., ; WHO, ; Rutto et al., ). Human African trypanosomiasis occurrence in the Niger province of northern Nigeria has been reported a long time ago, and domestic animals, especially cattle and pigs, were incriminated in the transmission cycle (Duggan, ). Major occupations of the human inhabitants of this region are cattle rearing and crop farming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pastoralists’ Sociocultural Activities on Tsetse–Trypanosome–Cattle Reservoir Interface: The Risk of Human African Trypanosomiasis in North‐Central Nigeria

Alhaji

Kabir

2015

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The study investigated socio-cultural characteristics of pastoralists that influenced on the tsetse-trypanosome-cattle reservoir interface thereby predisposing them to HAT in Niger State, North-central Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional survey of adult pastoral herders, aged 30 years and above, and conducted between October 2012 and February 2013. A face-to-face structured questionnaire was administered on the pastoralists nested in 96 cattle herds with questions focused on pastoralists' socio-cultural activities and behavioral practices related to HAT risk. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used to describe the obtained data. A total of 384 pastoralists participated, with mean age of 49.6 Â ± 10.76 SD years. Male respondents constituted 86.7% of gender, while pastoralists of age group 40-49 years constituted 35.4% of respondents. About 59.4% of the pastoralists had knowledge about HAT and its symptoms and only 33.9% of them believed that cattle served as reservoir of HAT trypanosome. Knowledge/belief levels of the pastoralists about African trypanosomiasis occurrence in humans and animals were statistically significant. Males were four times more likely to be exposed to HAT (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.42, 9.52); age group 60-69 was also four times more likely to be exposed (OR = 3.59; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.28); and nomadic pastoralists were two times more likely to be exposed to HAT (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.14). All cultural practices significantly influenced exposure to HAT with extensive husbandry system three times more likely to predisposed pastoralists to HAT (OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.65, 6.24). Socio-cultural characteristics of pastoralists influenced exposure to HAT risk and, therefore, there is a need to sensitize them to bring changes to their socio-cultural practices and perceptions to achieve effective and long term sustainable HAT control. Elimination strategies of parasites in animals and vectors should be considered to avoid reintroduction from animal reservoirs.

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A survey of sleeping sickness in Northern Nigeria from the earliest times to the present day

Cited by 37 publications

References 41 publications

Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria

Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria

A Study of the Antigenic Relationships of Isolates of Trypanosoma brucei Collected from a Herd of Cattle Kept in One Locality for Five Years

Influence of Pastoralists’ Sociocultural Activities on Tsetse–Trypanosome–Cattle Reservoir Interface: The Risk of Human African Trypanosomiasis in North‐Central Nigeria

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