A Survey About Real-Time Location Systems in Healthcare Environments

Indoor Location Data for Tracking Human Behaviours: A Scoping Review

“…Additionally, where lower-granularity RTLS sensors are used, it may be helpful to combine passive sensor modalities that do not interfere with daily living (e.g., door sensors) to augment the quality of the data and increase the depth of analyses that can be performed. Previous review literature reinforces the existence of a trade-off between implementation costs and data precision and richness [ 10 , 11 ]. The level of in-depth or basic analysis varied widely between studies and subsequently creates a variation in the applicability of study results to their target use case.…”

“…A question is raised of whether passively triggered RTLS technologies are sufficient for more complex behavioural analysis or whether the precision levels of these kinds of devices are lacking. In particular, RFID and IR technologies provide a lower level of granularity in location tracking (despite being accurate and less costly [ 11 ]), which may detract from precisely extracting within-region behaviours or continuous movement patterns such as those extracted from trajectory-type features such as path tortuosity. Conversely, UWB and other active sensors required wearable devices that need battery or recharging, whereas passive trigger-based sensors are typically wall mounted with little maintenance [ 11 ].…”

“…In particular, RFID and IR technologies provide a lower level of granularity in location tracking (despite being accurate and less costly [ 11 ]), which may detract from precisely extracting within-region behaviours or continuous movement patterns such as those extracted from trajectory-type features such as path tortuosity. Conversely, UWB and other active sensors required wearable devices that need battery or recharging, whereas passive trigger-based sensors are typically wall mounted with little maintenance [ 11 ]. It is suggested that, when feasible to implement at a fair cost, using higher granularity, active sensors with a continuous data stream will provide more opportunity for complex analysis of human behaviours from RTLS data.…”

“…However, these papers focus on the feasibility and user-acceptance of the technology rather than examining approaches to analyzing RTLS data to describe human movement and behaviour. Moreover, existing technical reviews of RTLS technology focus on physical implementation challenges or describe configurations and accuracy of available hardware used [ 11 , 12 ]. Understanding features of spatiotemporal tracking data and analytic approaches are valuable in describing and assessing patterns of human behaviours.…”

Fingerprint Feature Extraction for Indoor Localization

“…It has become an important aspect in wide-scale applications including the health, industry, commerce, surveillance, and various sectors [ 1 ]. For example, in the health sector, indoor localization can help the elderly, the handicapped and the visually impaired to navigate inside the hospital [ 2 ]. In another example, indoor localization can be used for assisting living applications like behavioral monitoring and fall detection for elderly people and disabilities [ 3 ].…”