A summary of 2-, 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl ester occurrence during frying and baking processes

Abstract

Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GE) are the process contaminants found in frying and baking, except the refining process. The free form MCPD and glycidol are released from their parent esters via lipase hydrolysis while they are carcinogen and genotoxic carcinogen, respectively. MCPD esters and GE are formed endogenously during vegetable oil refining process. Then, their concentration were experimented during subsequent food processing methods, especially frying and baking. This review discussed the occurrence of 2-, 3-MCPD esters and GE during frying and baking processes. Process temperature, process duration, presence of precursors, and their combined effects are highly related to MCPD esters and GE formations. An elevated temperature and processing time can increase the formation of these contaminants until an optimum rate and then followed by the decomposition. Also, other factors such as the presence of chloride ions, moisture, and partial acylglycerol can further facilitate MCPD esters and/or GE formation.

Stable Isotope Tracer to Reveal the Interconversion between 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol Ester and Glycidyl Ester during the Deodorization Process

“…Before deodorization, the contents of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents in the palm oil were 3.1 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. The observed levels of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents were in the ranges of those in palm oils observed in previous studies . After deodorization, the contents of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents in palm oil were 3.4 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2 mg/kg, respectively.…”

“…The observed levels of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents were in the ranges of those in palm oils observed in previous studies. 26 After deodorization, the contents of 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents in palm oil were 3.4 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. A significant increase was detected in glycidol equivalents after the deodorization of palm oil, but not in 3-MCPD equivalents.…”

Apigenin and its octoic acid diester attenuated glycidol-induced autophagic-dependent apoptosis via inhibiting the ERK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)

“…The epoxide group of glycidol could react with DNA, proteins, and cellular glutathione under physiological systems, and induce many diseases such as kidney toxicity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers ( Bakhiya et al, 2011 ; Yamada et al, 2010 ). GEs could be hydrolyzed to form glycidol in the gastrointestinal tract, thus exhibiting the harmful effects ( Goh et al, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2021 ). Endothelial cells are continuously exposed to and in constant contact with serum circulating substances, making them a target of glycidol ( Zhang et al, 2018 ).…”

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods

“…Several reviews of 3-MCPDE have been published in recent years. − However, those reviews mainly focused on a certain aspect of research and lack of analysis of the research difficulties and trends, which cannot reflect the development process of the related research fields sufficiently. The study of the development process of 3-MCPDE can help us to understand the main research areas of researchers, pressing issues to be addressed, and future research trends.…”