A study on the physicochemical parameters for <i><scp>P</scp>enicillium expansum</i> growth and patulin production: effect of temperature, pH, and water activity

Tannous, Joanna; Atoui, Ali; Khoury, A.; Francis, Z.; Oswald, Isabelle P.; Puel, Olivier; Lteif, Roger

doi:10.1002/fsn3.324

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…While the confirmation of identity is a critical starting point in the overall process for the safety evaluation of fungal raw materials, the secondary metabolite profile of fungi should also be assessed as they are crucial players in the fungal development (Tannous et al, ). Considering that many fungi metabolites are of medical, industrial, and agricultural importance (Calvo, Wilson, Bok, & Keller, ), optimization of the growing environment can significantly increase the yield of a compound of interest in the industrial setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia

Chen

Sheu

et al. 2020

Food Science & Nutrition

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Phellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years.Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow-brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20-ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption. K E Y W O R D S hispidin, Phellinus linteus, safety assessment, Sanghuangporus sanghuang, toxicity | 1865 LI et aL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia

Chen

Sheu

et al. 2020

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…It has been considered that approximately 25% of total world food crops annually are contaminated with mycotoxins [4]. Patulin mycotoxin (a polyketide lactone 4-hydroxy-4H-furo (3,2c) pyran-2 (6H)-one; Figure 1) [5,6] belongs to a class of toxic compound with low molecular weight (154.121 g/mol) [7,8]. The molecular formula of patulin (PAT) is C 7 H 6 O 4 ; it is stable in aqueous media at 105-125 • C with melting point of 110 • C. It is a colorless and crystalline compound [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that cold regions may become liable to temperate problems concerning patulin in foodstuffs due to climate change [15]. molecular weight (154.121 g/mol) [7,8]. The molecular formula of patulin (PAT) is C7H6O4; it is stable in aqueous media at 105-125 °C with melting point of 110 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin Mycotoxin in Mango and Orange Fruits, Juices, Pulps, and Jams Marketed in Pakistan

Hussain

Asi

Iqbal

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The objective of the study was to explore the incidence of patulin (PAT) mycotoxin in mango and orange fruits and derived products marketed in Pakistan. A total of 274 samples, including 70 mango fruits, 63 mango-based products (juices, pulp, and jam), 77 orange fruits, and 64 orange-based products, were collected. PAT was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector (276 nm). Linear detector response was observed (R2 > 0.99), the limit of detection (LOD) was 5 µg/kg and recovery percentage was 97.4%. The incidence of PAT in mango samples was 61.7%, and the concentration ranged from <LOD to 6415 µg/kg with a mean of 110.9 µg/kg. Our results showed the high susceptibility of mango fruits to patulin, and it was observed that decayed mango fruits were most contaminated with PAT. Among the mango samples, PAT concentration was higher in fruits than in processed products such as mango juice, pulp, and jam. Toxin incidence in orange samples was 52.5% with concentrations from <LOD to 61 µg/kg and a mean of 6.3 µg/kg. As much as 29 samples of mango (21.8%) contained PAT concentration above the regulatory limit (50 µg/kg), whereas there was only one exceeding orange sample (0.7%). Our results show that PAT seems to be a problem in fruits, juices, and derived solid products, especially from mango, and needs surveillance on regular basis.

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“…Growth of Pen. expansum strains occurred between 4-30°C and optimal patulin production was recorded at 16°C (Tannous et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penicillium expansum strain isolated from indoor building material was able to grow on gypsum board and emitted guttation droplets containing chaetoglobosins and communesins A, B and D

et al. 2019

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AimsEmission of toxic metabolites in guttation droplets of common indoor fungi is not well documented. The aims of this study were (i) to compare mycotoxins in biomass and guttation droplets from indoor fungi from a building following health complaints among occupants, (ii) to identify the most toxic strain and to test if mycotoxins in guttation liquids migrated trough air and (iii) to test if toxigenic Penicillium expansum strains grew on gypsum board.Methods and ResultsBiomass suspensions and guttation droplets from individual fungal colonies representing Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Penicillium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces were screened toxic to mammalian cells. The most toxic strain, RcP61 (CBS 145620), was identified as Pen. expansum Link by sequence analysis of the ITS region and a calmodulin gene fragment, and confirmed by the Westerdijk Institute based on ITS and beta‐tubulin sequences. The strain was isolated from a cork liner, was able to grow on gypsum board and to produce toxic substances in biomass extracts and guttation droplets inhibiting proliferation of somatic cells (PK‐15, MNA, FL) in up to 20 000‐fold dilutions. Toxic compounds in biomass extracts and/or guttation droplets were determined by HPLC and LC‐MS. Strain RcP61 produced communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins in guttation droplets (the liquid emitted from them) and biomass extracts. The toxins of the guttation droplets migrated c. 1 cm through air and condensed on a cool surface.ConclusionsThe mycotoxin‐containing guttation liquids emitted by Pen. expansum grown on laboratory medium exhibited airborne migration and were >100 times more toxic in bioassays than guttation droplets produced by indoor isolates of the genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces. Significance and Impact of the StudyToxic exudates produced by Pen. expansum containing communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins were transferable by air. This may represent a novel mechanism of mycotoxin dispersal in indoor environment.

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A study on the physicochemical parameters for Penicillium expansum growth and patulin production: effect of temperature, pH, and water activity

Cited by 58 publications

References 53 publications

Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia

Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia

Patulin Mycotoxin in Mango and Orange Fruits, Juices, Pulps, and Jams Marketed in Pakistan

Penicillium expansum strain isolated from indoor building material was able to grow on gypsum board and emitted guttation droplets containing chaetoglobosins and communesins A, B and D

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