Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia

Abstract

Phellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years.Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow-brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20-ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption. K E Y W O R D S hispidin, Phellinus linteus, safety assessment, Sanghuangporus sanghuang, toxicity | 1865 LI et aL.

Screening for Proteins Related to The Biosynthesis of Hispidin and Its Derivatives in Phellinus Igniarius Using iTRAQ Proteomic Analysis

“…HIP is also an important luciferin precursor in some bioluminescent fungi and it can be applied in bioluminescent method for the analysis of substances [15,16]. The present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched fungus mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption [17]. Therefore, HIP has attracted quite a lot of attention in the elds of chemistry, pharmacy and microbiology [18][19][20][21].…”

“…Due to the limited and unstable supply of wild P. igniarius, arti cial fermentation has caused the extensive concern in recent years.Signi cant recent research has focused on optimizing fermentation conditions with the goal of increasing the yield of HIP [17]. With the development of the sequencing technology, gene expression control at the transcriptional level was a possible regulation to determining compositon and facilitate industrial produce.…”

Screening for proteins related to the biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives in Phellinus igniarius using iTRAQ proteomic analysis

“…Due to the limited and unpredictable supply of wild P. igniarius , artificial fermentation has become a topic of increasing interest in recent years. Significant research has focused on optimizing fermentation conditions with the goal of increasing the yield of HIP [ 17 ]. With the development of sequencing technology, gene expression control at the transcriptional level is one method to determine composition and facilitate industrial production.…”

“…HIP is also an important luciferin precursor in some bioluminescent fungi and can be used for bioluminescent analysis of substances [15,16]. A dose of 3 mg/g hispidinenriched fungus mycelia has a very low level of toxicity, supporting its safety for human consumption [17]. Therefore, HIP has attracted significant attention in the fields of chemistry, pharmacy, and microbiology [18][19][20][21].…”

Safety evaluation of aqueous extracts of Sanghuangporus vaninii fruiting body in Sprague–Dawley rats

“…Although no evidence suggested Sanghuang had toxic effects, and the safety of S. linteus mycelia had been evaluated (Li, Chen, Sheu, Huang, & Chen, 2020). Some researches showed the fruiting body had higher medicinal effect (Huo et al., 2020; Shao et al., 2019).…”