A study on Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship in Turkey: 2006–2013

Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program

“…The link between ecosystems and entrepreneurial activity in general, usually proxied by start-up rates, has been examined from different angles. These include how ecosystems support the university spin-offs (Harrison & Leitch, 2010;Johnson et al, 2019) as well as the interplay of government initiatives (Jung et al, 2017), institutions (Öner & Kunday, 2016), and human capital (Qian et al, 2013) with other ecosystem elements enables the formation of new ventures. Audretsch and Belitski (2017) showed that the ecosystem at the city-level with the addition of internet access and the integration of immigrants into the ecosystem fosters entrepreneurial activity.…”

Public Policies on Innovation and Small Businesses in a Swinging Economy

“…Moreover, public policies supporting innovation in small businesses must consider both the innovation context of the small enterprise itself and the local entrepreneurial context (Henrekson, 2014;Huggins & Thompson, 2015). This is especially true in developing nations, which in general have lower innovation levels, as most of the public policies on innovation in such countries fail due to being based on the theories, policies and economic principles of developed countries (Öner & Kunday, 2016).…”

“…An innovation policy may be conceptualized as a series of governmental activities translated into plans, programs, projects or actions aimed at fostering innovation (Audretsch & Link, 2012;Bajmócy & Gébert, 2014;Landström et al, 2012;Landström et al, 2015;Öner & Kunday, 2016;Patanakul & Pinto, 2014). Given that such policies directly affect existing businesses and have the potential of contributing to the creation of new ones, they must be integrated with the entrepreneurship policies (Bhupatiraju et al, 2012;Fagerberg, Fosaas, & Sapprasert, 2012;Landström et al, 2015), which in turn are aimed at fostering the creation of new businesses and/or strengthening the existing ones (Borges, Bezerra, Silva, Andreassi, & Ferreira, 2018;Lundström & Stevenson, 2005;Minniti, 2008;Mirzanti et al, 2015;Öner & Kunday, 2016;Qian & Haynes, 2014). Despite the similarities, innovation and entrepreneurship policies are usually dissociated from one another in such a way that most of the current innovation policies have goals that do not reflect the context they were meant for (Audretsch & Link, 2012;Bajmócy & Gébert, 2014).…”

“…This is especially true in a swinging economy. The small business has a very strong social aspect attached to it (Bruton, Ahlstrom, & Obloj, 2008;Bygrave & Minniti, 2000;Henrekson, 2014;Marcotte, 2014;Öner & Kunday, 2016). Many of such companies are created by people who were marginalized by the current economic system and have therefore looked after becoming entrepreneurs as a way to improve their life styles (Barkhatov, Pletnev, & Campa, 2016).…”

“…Policy-makers would be more successful had they started by formulating public policies on innovation for small businesses with a clear focus on the manager/owner as well as the business. For example, policy-makers in general develop policies aimed at improving the business environment, which in itself is more related to the life cycle and the organizational structure of the enterprise, when in fact they should focus on fostering the innovative potential of the individual as a person (Hampel-Milagrosa, Loewe, & Reeg, 2015;Henrekson, 2014;Öner & Kunday, 2016). Focusing on the manager/owner is a must (J. C. Carland, Carland, & Stewart, 2015).…”