A Study of Visible Smoke Reduction from a Small Two-Stroke Engine Using Various Engine Lubricants

Sugiura, Kensuke; Kagaya, Mineo

doi:10.4271/770623

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Lubricant oil is suspected of contributing up to 95% of the total exhausts particulate mass (Sugiura and Kagaya 1977;Pattschull and Roth 1994). Wang and Huang (2003) reported various metal emission rates for a composite sample of several diesel vehicles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of tree bark for comparing environmental pollution in different sites from Buenos Aires and Montevideo

Faggi

Fujiwara

Anido

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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Multi-elemental profiles in bark of green ash trees collected in three representative areas of Buenos Aires, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay, were assessed as potential air pollution indicators. Ten elements: Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emissions spectrometry from 70 samples collected in different environments: central, residential and rural (reference site), in order to compare spatial patterns of metal concentration. The samples used as a control were collected from a nature reserve situated far away from any significant influences, not even a nearby road. The reference site (RF) exhibited the lowest concentrations of Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn. However, Ba and Mn showed similar concentrations in all measured sites. Magnesium is the only element that had a greater concentration in RF than at the other sites. Copper did not show any clear pattern. The Centre of Montevideo (MVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn than the Centre of Buenos Aires (BA). In the A sectors, Montevideo (SAMVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Cu, Mg, Ni, and Zn and lower concentrations of Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb than Buenos Aires (SABA). In the B sectors, Montevideo (SBMVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn and lower concentrations of Cr and Mg than Buenos Aires (SBBA), but similar concentrations of Mn and Ni. The use of bark for biomonitoring metals allowed us to detect concentration differences related to the urban fabric and the different kinds of vehicles and their fuels. In the cities, the differences in metal concentrations detected in bark were more striking between the sectors than between centers, despite CBA being much larger than CMVD in population, extension and vehicular traffic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of tree bark for comparing environmental pollution in different sites from Buenos Aires and Montevideo

Faggi

Fujiwara

Anido

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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“…The high PM emissions result predominantly from the oil-fuel mixture lubrication employed in the small twostroke engines, as the unburned or partially burned lubricating oil exits the engine with exhaust (Nuti 1998). Lubricating oil is suggested to contribute even 95% to the total exhaust particle mass (Sugiura and Kagaya 1977;Pattschull and Roth 1977).…”

Section: Tålander Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine: Effects of Fuel, Lubricating Oil, and Exhaust Aftertreatment on Particle Characteristics

Ålander

Antikainen

Raunemaa

et al. 2005

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The effects of fuel and lubricating oil formulation and exhaust catalytic aftertreatment on physical and chemical characteristics of two-stroke engine exhaust particles were studied. The exhaust particles were produced with a professional chainsaw engine. The employed fuels were a 98-octane oxygenated, low-sulfur, low-aromatic reformulated gasoline, which served as a reference, and a 95-octane nonoxygenated alkylate gasoline that had no aromatics and olefins. The applied lubricating oils were a semisynthetic mineral-based oil and a biodegradable ester-based oil. In total eight fuel-lubricating oil-catalyst combinations were studied. The test runs were conducted on a test bench and exhaust was diluted in a full-flow dilution tunnel. The size and number emissions of the exhaust particles were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) composition of the particles were analyzed with a thermal-optical transmission analyzer (TOT). In addition, the inorganic ion and metal composition of the particles were quantified, and the gaseous total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were measured. The volatility characteristics of the exhaust particles were studied with a thermal desorption unit combined with the SMPS. The particle mass (PM) emissions ranged without catalyst from 2.9 to 3.4 g/kWh and with catalyst from 1.7 to 2.4 g/kWh, the catalytic converter thus reducing PM emissions by 19-50%. Without catalyst the alkylate fuel-biodegradable oil combination gave the highest particle mass emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel-oil mixture the emissions were the lowest. The count median diameter (CMD) of the particles ranged from 57 to 123 nm. Without catalyst, the alkylate fuel-biodegradable oil combination gave the lowest number emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel-oil combination the emissions were the highest. The catalytic converter reduced the particle size by 22-56 nm, but it also increased the number emissions by a factor of 1.3-2.6. In thermal analysis 88-98% of the exhaust particle volume proved to be volatile, the solid fraction consisting of elemental carbon and metal residues. With the mineral-based lubricating oil, the metal residues appeared in two modes at the evaporation temperatures of 350 • C and higher, while in the particles produced with the biodegradable oil the residues were unimodally distributed.

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“…Two-stroke engines emit their oil almost exclusively through the exhaust. In a Japanese study (11), it was found that 95% of the exhaust emissions collected on measuring filters consisted of slightly oxidized or unburnt lubricant. Unburnt lubricant is generally considered to be of a low mutagenicity and not a significant animal health hazard, although it does contain very low levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of a synthetic lubricant by Micrococcus roseus

Wright

Taylor

Randles

et al. 1993

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A bacterium that was able to utilize Emkarate 1550 (E1550), a synthetic lubricant ester, as the sole source of carbon was isolated. The isolate was tentatively identified as Micrococcus roseus. The components of the E1550 ester, octanoate, decanoate, and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP), were detected in the culture medium of cells growing on the ester. The TMP tertiary alcohol accumulated during growth and was not utilized by this isolate. The detection of the components of the ester in the supernatant of cultures indicated that one of the first steps in its degradation was cleavage of the ester bonds. Esterase activity was significantly

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A Study of Visible Smoke Reduction from a Small Two-Stroke Engine Using Various Engine Lubricants

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Use of tree bark for comparing environmental pollution in different sites from Buenos Aires and Montevideo

Use of tree bark for comparing environmental pollution in different sites from Buenos Aires and Montevideo

Particle Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine: Effects of Fuel, Lubricating Oil, and Exhaust Aftertreatment on Particle Characteristics

Biodegradation of a synthetic lubricant by Micrococcus roseus

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