A study of the petroleum trade network of countries along “The Belt and Road Initiative”

Zhang, Chi; Fu, Jiasha; Pu, Zhengning

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.026

Cited by 86 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Furthermore, international trade is a system that involves numerous countries and trade relations, and complex network modeling has the advantage of analyzing a number of entities and complex relationships [19][20][21]. Additionally, network theory can also facilitate the examination of both local and global properties [22], which is consistent with the goal of our work.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships

et al. 2020

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In contrast to the rapid integration of the world economy, many regional trade agreements (RTAs) have also emerged since the early 1990s. This contradiction has encouraged scholars and policymakers to explore the true effects of RTAs, including both regional and global trade relationships. This paper defines synthesized trade resistance and decomposes it into natural and artificial factors. Here, we separate the influence of geographical distance, economic volume, and overall increase in transportation and labor costs and use the expectation maximization algorithm to optimize the parameters and quantify the trade purity indicator, which describes the true global trade environment and relationships among countries. This indicates that although global and most regional trade relations gradually deteriorated during the period 2007–2017, RTAs generate trade relations among members, especially contributing to the relative prosperity of European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. In addition, we apply the network to reflect the purity of the trade relations among countries. The effects of RTAs can be analyzed by comparing typical trade unions and trade communities, which are presented using an empirical network structure. This analysis shows that the community structure is quite consistent with some trade unions, and the representative RTAs constitute the core structure of international trade network. However, the role of trade unions has weakened, and multilateral trade liberalization has accelerated in the past decade. This means that more countries have recently tended to expand their trading partners outside of these unions rather than limit their trading activities to RTAs.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships

et al. 2020

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“…The greater the degree of a node is, the greater the importance in the network is. These terms are defined by Equations (5) and (6) [27]. In the Belt and Road FDI network, the in-degree of node i indicates how many countries made direct investments in country i.…”

Section: Node Degree and Degree Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It connects Asia, Europe, and Africa. These regions are home to more than 60 countries and have a world population of 60%, accounting for 30% of the world's total GDP [5]. Therefore, the practice of the Belt and Road initiative will greatly promote the economic integration process and sustainable development of these three major regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern and Influencing Factors of Foreign Direct Investment Networks between Countries along the “Belt and Road” Regions

Qian

Cao

2019

Sustainability

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With the in-depth implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative (BRI), the investment patterns between Belt and Road countries have also become more complicated. The impact of this complex investment network on regional economic development is also growing. To reveal the complexity of this investment pattern, and to better promote the sustainable development of the region’s economy, this paper used the complex network method to study the foreign direct investment(FDI) network of 50 countries along the Belt and Road from 2003 to 2017, revealing its structural and behavioral characteristics and evolution process. The results showed that the imbalance of the investment network structure is outstanding, and preferential selection behavior is obvious. The Central and Eastern European countries show significant clustering behavior. In addition, the network evolved slowly and followed the “Pareto rule” in the early stages of its evolution. The BRI was a turning point in the evolution process. On this basis, the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression analysis method was used to further study the factors affecting the formation process of this investment pattern. It found that economic development level, geographical distance, and bilateral trade were the main influencing factors. Among them, bilateral trade had the greatest impact on the pattern of network.

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“…In October 2013, the Chinese government put forward the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI), which was officially short for "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "Maritime Silk Road" [1]. In 2013, the Chinese government named 65 countries, mainly in Asia, Europe, and Africa, as being eligible for inclusion in the BRI, and announced that the BRI was open to any other country willing to participate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Approach to Quantitative Country Risk Assessment for the Belt and Road Initiative

Dong

Jiang

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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In recent years, the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) promoted by the Chinese government has attracted a significant amount of international trade and transnational investment and other businesses. Accordingly, country risk assessment should be granted priority in the decision-making process for these projects. Based on a comprehensive consideration of important relevant countries and the availability of data of countries along the BRI, this paper uses data from 49 countries along the BRI between 2014–2019 and establishes a national risk-evaluation system for the BRI from four dimensions (i.e., political, economic, social, and investment). This paper adopts the Grey correlation analysis based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Grey-TOPSIS) method to identify and evaluate the risk of countries along the BRI. Geographic Information System (GIS) maps are drawn according to the criteria for classifying the five risk levels to show the rank of the four aspects of risk scores along the BRI in 2019 and the rank of overall country risk scores during the period 2014–2019. The proposed conclusion and policy implications can help the Chinese government and companies to make informed decisions and minimize potential risks.

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A study of the petroleum trade network of countries along “The Belt and Road Initiative”

Cited by 86 publications

References 38 publications

Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships

Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships

Pattern and Influencing Factors of Foreign Direct Investment Networks between Countries along the “Belt and Road” Regions

Analytical Approach to Quantitative Country Risk Assessment for the Belt and Road Initiative

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