This review discusses the botanical, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and ecological aspects of Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. -Ham.) Oken. H.pentandrus is a medicinal plant prominent in Ayurveda for treating various skin disorders and Hansen's disease. Belonging to the Achariaceae family, the evergreen trees are mainly found in the Western Ghats of India. The genus is named for its distinctive tuber-shaped fruit, and the presence of five androecium members. The paper highlights the various pharmacological properties like antioxidant, Anticancerous and antimicrobial activities of the plant. Ecologically, the tree is very significant, especially in its role as a host plant for butterflies and various hyphomycetes. Despite its ecological importance, the population of H.pentandrus faces decline owing to rapid urbanization. This review contributes to the overall understanding of H.pentandrus, promoting its medicinal and ecological significance.