A Study of Human Reactions to Emissions from Building Materials in Climate Chambers. Part II: VOC Measurements, Mouse Bioassay, and Decipol Evaluation in the 1-2 mg/m3 TVOC Range

Wolkoff, Peder; Nielsen, Gunnar D.; Hansen, Lea Frimann; Albrechtsen, Ole K.; Johnsen, Carsten; Heinig, J. H.; Franck, Carsten; Nielsen, Per Mose

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00003.x

Cited by 36 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…A lot of reports show that a number of chemical materials such as benzalkonium chloride (Norn 1963, Norn & Opauskzi 1977, silicone (Norn 1979), lipophilic compounds (Wolkoff et al 1991) and materials in the modern offices air environment (Franck 1986, 1991, Franck & Skov 1989) may have a surface-active/lipophilic effect and cause a reduced fatty layer and a premature break-up of the precorneal film. We expected that in a heavy atmospheric pollution environment (Group A) there would be more of the chemical materials and therefore, the BUT there would be lower than the BUT in a low atmospheric pollution environment (Group B).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular surface and environmental changes

Paschides

Stefaniotou

Papageorgiou

et al. 1998

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To investigate if ocular surface and precorneal tear film are influenced by the environment. Method: We studied the environmental influences on the ocular surface using the tests Break-up time, Schirmer-1 test and Rose Bengal staining. We correlated the values of the above tests among three groups of normal people from different places in Greece with different climates and levels of atmospheric pollution. Group A consisted of 57 persons coming from an area with a dry and warm climate and heavy atmospheric pollution. Group B consisted of 55 normal persons coming from an area with a dry and warm climate and a low level of atmospheric pollution. Group C consisted of 55 persons coming from an area with a humid and cool climate and a low level of atmospheric pollution. Results: Schirmer-1 test and Break-up time are influenced by the climatic conditions but they are not influenced by the atmospheric pollution, while Rose Bengal staining is not influenced either by the climate or by the atmospheric pollution. Conclusion:The precorneal tear film is much more influenced by the climatic conditions than by the atmospheric pollution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular surface and environmental changes

Paschides

Stefaniotou

Papageorgiou

et al. 1998

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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“…In a climate chamber study, subjects exposed over the period of hours to butanol and formaldehyde emitted from an acid‐curing lacquer reported sensory irritation with considerable delay. In contrast, a naive panel perceived the odor immediately, but no sensory irritation (Wolkoff et al., 1991b). These and similar observations indicate the role of time for the development and perception of irritative symptoms (Bender et al., 1983; Hempel‐Jørgensen et al., 1999; Hudnell et al., 1993).…”

Section: Sensory Irritation and Odormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentration may not be the best indicator of the impact of an odor, partly because persistence and hedonic value influence its impact (Nicell, 2003), and the relationship between concentration and pleasantness or intensity may be inverse for some compounds (Cocheo et al., 1991; Whelton and Dietrich, 2004). Short‐term evaluation of the perceived air quality is probably not relevant for the evaluation of symptoms built up during the working day (Bluyssen et al., 1996; Wolkoff et al., 1991b). One exception could be the presence of moldy odor. Many reported odor thresholds are too high (comparison of data from Devos et al., 1990, with the data from Nagata, 2003; Woodfield and Hall, 1994).…”

Section: Sensory Irritation and Odormentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic compounds in office environments - sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry

Wolkoff¹,

Wilkins²,

Clausen³

et al. 2006

Indoor Air

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281

179

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Sensory irritation and odor effects of organic compounds in indoor environments are reviewed. It is proposed to subdivide volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into four categories: (i) chemically non-reactive, (ii) chemically ÔreactiveÕ, (iii) biologically reactive (i.e. form chemical bonds to receptor sites in mucous membranes) and (iv) toxic compounds. Chemically non-reactive VOCs are considered non-irritants at typical indoor air levels. However, compounds with low odor thresholds contribute to the overall perception of the indoor air quality. Reported sensory irritation may be the result of odor annoyance. It appears that odor thresholds for many VOCs probably are considerably lower than previously reported. This explains why many building materials persistently are perceived as odorous, although the concentrations of the detected organic compounds are close to or below their reported odor thresholds. Ozone reacts with certain alkenes to form a gas and aerosol phase of oxidation products, some of which are sensory irritants. However, all of the sensory irritating species have not yet been identified and whether the secondary aerosols (ultrafine and fine particles) contribute to sensory irritation requires investigation. Low relative humidity may exacerbate the sensory irritation impact. Practical Implications Certain odors, in addition to odor annoyance, may result in psychological effects and distraction from work. Some building materials continually cause perceivable odors, because the odor thresholds of the emitted compounds are low. Some oxidation products of alkenes (e.g. terpenes) may contribute to eye and airway symptoms under certain conditions and low relative humidity.

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“…For example, exposure to a simulated office environment was found to be associated with epithelial damage of the conjunctiva and reports of eye irritation (135). With a similar approach, but with building materials as sources of VOC, an association was found between reduced tear film quality (pooled break-up time, foam formation, and thickness of lipid layer) and an increase in reported eye irritation (136). In a field study, a weak association was observed between an increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the eye and VDU work (76 ] Reports of dry eyes among a presbyope population increased from 28% before contact lenses were acquired to 68% after 6 months of use, and complaints were the most pronounced among women (145).…”

Section: Eye Irritation In Relation To Exposure To Indoor Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye irritation and environmental factors in the office environment-hypotheses, causes and a physiological model

Wolkoff¹,

Skov²,

Franck³

et al. 2003

Scand J Work Environ Health

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A Study of Human Reactions to Emissions from Building Materials in Climate Chambers. Part II: VOC Measurements, Mouse Bioassay, and Decipol Evaluation in the 1-2 mg/m3 TVOC Range

Cited by 36 publications

References 21 publications

Ocular surface and environmental changes

Ocular surface and environmental changes

Organic compounds in office environments - sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry

Eye irritation and environmental factors in the office environment-hypotheses, causes and a physiological model

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