A Study of Heterophoria and Myopia in Children

Miles, Paul W.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(62)94003-5

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Existing literature contains numerous conflicting reports on the benefits of bifocals and multifocal spectacle lenses to control myopia. A statistically significant reduction in myopic progression has been reported by Miles, 17 Roberts and Banford, 18 Oakley and Young, 19 Neetens and Evens, 20 Goss, 21 Leung and Brown 22 (multifocal), Fulk, Cyert and Parker, 23 Gwiazda and colleagues 24 (multifocal), Hasebe and co-workers 25 (multifocal), Yang and associates 26 (multifocal), and Cheng and collaborators. 27 In contrast, bifocals were shown to have no statistically significant effect in the studies by Mandell, 28 Shotwell, 29 Grosvenor and co-workers, 30 Parssinen, Hemminki and Klemetti, 31 Jensen, 32 Fulk and Cyert, 33 Shih and colleagues 34 (multifocal) and Edwards and associates 35 (multifocal).…”

Section: Effect Of Bifocal and Multifocal Spectacle Lenses On Myopiamentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Due primarily to their retrospective nature, reliable, robust conclusions from these studies are not possible. These publications include confusing wearing times and assessment periods, 18,21,28 lack of bifocal design details, 18,20,21,28 lack of near addition information, 17,18,20,28 poor patient selection criteria 28 and potential measurement bias, 18,28 yet they provide an argument that bifocals might control myopia in some children and point to the importance of the vergence system. For example, the study of Oakley and Young 19 showed that bifocals had a strong control effect in myopic Caucasian children (reduced progression of 0.51 D per year).…”

Section: Retrospective Analysis Of Private Practice Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bifocal lens control of myopic progression in children

Cheng

Woo

Schmid

2011

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bifocal spectacle lenses have been used as a strategy to slow myopic progression in children since the 1950s and perhaps earlier. The reported success of this strategy varies greatly, as does the design of studies reporting the outcomes of their use-from earlier retrospective analysis of records to later prospective clinical trials. Collectively, published data support the suggestion that bifocal lenses inhibit myopic development in children but only by a small amount and only in a subset of children. Possible reasons for the greatly varying outcomes include a lack of individualism of the treatment and failure to take the vergence system into account. This review summarises the results of bifocal and multifocal studies, describes how accommodation, convergence and their interaction are linked to myopic development and details how a bifocal treatment that takes this into account may be devised. Also discussed is whether alterations to peripheral retinal blur contribute to bifocal lens effects.

show abstract

Section: Effect Of Bifocal and Multifocal Spectacle Lenses On Myopiamentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Retrospective Analysis Of Private Practice Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifocal lens control of myopic progression in children

Cheng

Woo

Schmid

2011

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A large number of clinical trials and retrospective studies that have evaluated bifocal lenses are severely limited by small sample size, lack of a control group, lack of randomisation in the allocation of treatment groups or a combination of these deficiencies. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Furthermore, bifocal lenses may be less cosmetically acceptable, are difficult to adapt to, and compliance with spectacle wear may be a problem. In addition, children may not always use the lower segment of the lens for reading.…”

Section: Bifocals and Multifocalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia: attempts to arrest progression

Gazzard

Eong

et al. 2002

British Journal of Ophthalmology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The rate of myopia progression has been reported to be different with different types of heterophoria, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] while exophoria has been reported to be the buffer for emmetropisation. 40 Due to the close relationship between heterophoria and refractive error shown in previous studies, the effect of refractive error on the viewing distance with minimum heterophoria was investigated in this study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viewing distance with minimum heterophoria

Chen

Aziz

1999

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background:The purposes of this study are to determine the viewing distance with minimum heterophoria and its relationship with refractive error and the resting position of accommodation. Methods:The heterophoria and the accommodation responses of 36 optometry students (25 emmetropes and 11 myopes) were tested. Heterophoria was measured with the Free-Space Heterophoria Card at five different viewing distances (25 cm, 33 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm and 300 cm). The dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria for each individual was estimated from the graph, where heterophoria in prism dioptres was plotted against viewing distance in centimetres. The Canon R-1 autorefractor was used to determine the accommodation response at six different viewing distances (25 cm, 33 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 300 cm and 600 cm). The resting position of accommodation for each individual was estimated from the graph where the accommodative stimulus in dioptres was plotted against the accommodative response in dioptres. Results:The dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria ranges from 0.003 D to 0.65 D in emmetropes and ranges from 0.03 D to 2.36 D in myopes. There is no difference in the dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria between myopes and emmetropes. Our results show a possible but not significant correlation between the dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria and the resting position of accommodation. Conclusions: The viewing distance with minimum heterophoria is not affected by refractive error (stable early-onset myopia) and is poorly correlated with the resting position of accommodation. (Clin Exp Optom 1999; 82: 5: 182-186)

show abstract

A Study of Heterophoria and Myopia in Children

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Bifocal lens control of myopic progression in children

Bifocal lens control of myopic progression in children

Myopia: attempts to arrest progression

Viewing distance with minimum heterophoria

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About