“…For the domains with nonlinear material properties (i.e., Al or Cu), characterized by nonlinear kinematic hardening Chaboche model, to avoid any blockage (e.g., generated by the linear tetrahedral mesh elements [44]), a structured mesh of lower-order hexahedral elements was generated. In addition, a high-density mesh is required for the interest region to accurately capture the thermally induced deformations [45]. For example, an adaptive structured hexahedral mesh, varying in size from 0.25 to 0.05 µm, in metallic regions with nonlinear material properties, was generated.…”