A structural model for the genome of echovirus 22

Seal, Lawton A.; Jamison, Richard M.

doi:10.1007/bf01310504

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…At the antigenic level, EV22 appears enteroviruslike: EV22 proteins share an enteroviral group-specific antigen recognized by enterovirus-immune T cells which is not shared by the cardioviruses. Determinations of the S value for denatured EV22 RNA and the density in CsCl are consistent with enteroviral biophysical characteristics (2,16). However, EV22 also shares several important biological characteristics with the cardioviruses (2).…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…EV22 fails to shut off host cell protein synthesis efficiently in infected cells and acts as an efficient message in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro translation systems (2). Other studies have demonstrated evidence for the presence of an extensive 5' hairpin structure in the viral RNA (16,17). Limited sequence data suggest the 3' end of the genome is significantly diverged from other enteroviral sequences and may as well form a hairpin structure (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cap-binding complex protein p220 is not cleaved during echovirus 22 replication in HeLa cells

Coller

Tracy

Etchison

1991

J Virol

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supporting

confidence: 61%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cap-binding complex protein p220 is not cleaved during echovirus 22 replication in HeLa cells

Coller

Tracy

Etchison

1991

J Virol

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“…Distinctive cytopathogenicity compared to other viruses in the enterovirus group (disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear chromatin) was also reported on the basis of light and electron microscopy studies of cells infected with HPEV1 and HPEV2 (27,56,61). Evidence of exceptional secondary structure in the HPEV1 genome compared to poliovirus RNA was reported later (53,54). Another difference from typical enteroviruses was the apparent lack of host cell protein synthesis shutoff (7,58).…”

Section: Isolation and Primary Characterization Of Hpev1 And Hpev2mentioning

confidence: 86%

Parechoviruses

Stanway

Hyypiä

1999

J Virol

130

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Until recently, the family Picornaviridae consisted of five established genera (36). Enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and hepatoviruses include human pathogens; foot-and-mouth disease viruses of ungulates are the most important aphthoviruses; and cardioviruses are found mainly in rodents (48). Following the early studies of Loeffler and Frosch on foot-and-mouth disease viruses (32), work on enteroviruses started in the early years of this century, when Landsteiner and Popper demonstrated, by injection of a filtrate into monkeys, that poliomyelitis is caused by viruses (31). However, it was 40 years before a new, related virus group was discovered (11). These were the coxsackieviruses, which characteristically could induce disease in newborn mice. Following the introduction of tissue culture systems (14) for virus propagation, several viruses which shared physicochemical properties (solvent-resistant, acid-stable particles) with polio-and coxsackieviruses, but grew exclusively in cell culture, were isolated. These were called ECHO (enteric, cytopathogenic, human, orphan) viruses (9). The three subgroups, plus the new enterovirus types 68 to 71, include more than 60 serotypes and, together with several simian, bovine, and porcine strains, comprise the Enterovirus genus (25). However, a wide range of evidence, detailed below, shows that two echoviruses have distinct biological and molecular properties. These, echoviruses 22 and 23, have recently been assigned to a sixth picornavirus genus, Parechovirus, and have been renamed human parechovirus 1 and 2 (HPEV1 and HPEV2), respectively (29). Here we review how parechoviruses relate to other members of the Picornaviridae family. Previously studied picornaviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity, 7,100 to 8,500 nucleotides long, which is packaged into an icosahedral capsid made up of 60 copies of each of the capsid proteins VP1 through VP4 (48, 57). Genomic RNA is modified by the covalent attachment of a small protein (VPg; 20 to 25 amino acids) to the 5Ј terminus. The genome can be considered to have four distinct domains. A 5Ј untranslated region (5ЈUTR) precedes a single open reading frame, downstream of which there is a 3ЈUTR and a poly(A) tract. Ten, 11, or 12 proteins are encoded by different picornaviruses as shown in Fig. 1. The single polyprotein encoded by the genome is processed by a cascade of proteolytic events, instigated by virus-encoded enzymes, to give precursor molecules and then the final discrete proteins (40, 50). In several cases, the precursors themselves have important functional roles in virus replication. For instance, while the majority of processing events are brought about by 3C pro , cleavages in the capsid region appear to require 3CD pro , the precursor of

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