A state-of-the-art review on modern and future developments of AGC/LFC of conventional and renewable energy-based power systems

Peddakapu, K.; Mohamed, Mohd Rusllim; Srinivasarao, P.; Arya, Yogendra; Leung, Puiki; Kishore, D. J. K.

doi:10.1016/j.ref.2022.09.006

Cited by 67 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 420 publications

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“…Motivated by the above challenges and opportunities, in this survey paper we present a review of the different feedback control techniques and algorithms commonly used in the context of VPPs. While existing survey papers have focused mostly on the hourly and daily time scales of VPPs (e.g., dispatch, pricing, etc) [49], [50], [51], frequency controllers for multi-area power systems [52] (e.g., automatic generation control, load frequency control, etc), and general control technologies of energy systems [53], we concentrate on the different control algorithms and dynamics used for regulation and reference tracking in the sub-hourly time-domain in VPPs, i.e., primary and secondary control for medium and fast time scales in energy systems comprised of multiple distributed energy resources, aggregated and controlled via software-based architectures. We review the different definitions and technical features that separate VPPs from traditional power grids, their main advantages and limitations in the context of feedback control, as well as the different opportunities for the implementation of novel algorithms that can overcome some of the existing challenges.…”

Section: Contributions and Paper Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main goal of SC is to remove frequency and voltage deviations from the reference values of the VPP, which may result from the implementation of PC techniques [154], [199], [200]. In practice, secondary frequency regulation is also known with the name of Automatic Generation Control (AGC), which is often market-based; for more on AGC in the context of general interconnected power systems see [52]. Other functionalities of SC include power quality assurance, loss reduction, and reactive power sharing [201].…”

Section: ) Secondary Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

et al. 2023

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Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) have emerged as a modern real-time energy management architecture that seeks to synergistically coordinate an aggregation of renewable and non-renewable generation systems to overcome some of the fundamental limitations of traditional power grids dominated by synchronous machines. In this survey paper, we review the different existing and emerging feedback control mechanisms and architectures used for the real-time operation of VPPs. In contrast to other works that have mostly focused on the optimal dispatch and economical aspects of VPPs in the hourly and daily time scales, in this paper we focus on the dynamic nature of the system during the faster sub-hourly time scales. The virtual (i.e., software-based) component of a VPP, combined with the power plant (i.e., physics-based) components of the power grid, make VPPs prominent examples of cyber-physical systems, where both continuous-time and discrete-time dynamics play critical roles in the stability and transient properties of the system. We elaborate on this interpretation of VPPs as hybrid dynamical systems, and we further discuss open research problems and potential research directions in feedback control systems that could contribute to the safe development and deployment of autonomous VPPs.INDEX TERMS Smart grids, renewable energy, virtual power plant, feedback control, multi-agent hybrid dynamical systems.

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Section: Contributions and Paper Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Secondary Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

et al. 2023

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“…This provides the main incentive for the authors to apply the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm for achieving the optimum design of the control scheme. It shall be mentioned that the optimal design of the controllers used to regulate the frequency in interconnected power systems plays a crucial role in enhancing the power system stability, improving the efficiency of the power system and ensuring power from reliability and dependability [1,2].…”

Section: Challenges and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the MRFO algorithm has been employed to optimize a variety of benchmark problems and numerous engineering applications such as tension spring design, speed reducer design, rolling element bearing design and pressure vessel design [38]. The MRFO has some distinct merits when dealing with complex optimization problems, where these specific merits can be outlined as follows: (1) the capability to resist local minima trapping; (2) rapid convergence towards the optimal solution; (3) high degree of precision; (4) reduced computational cost; (5) low number of adjustable control parameters [40,41]. These numerous advantages of the MRFO reflect an impulse for the authors to apply the MRFO for solving the LFC problem.…”

Section: Challenges and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm‐based load frequency control for hybrid modern power systems

Sobhy

Hasanien

Abdelaziz

et al. 2023

IET Renewable Power Gen

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The regulation of the frequency and line power flow in interconnected power networks is considered to be a key aspect of load frequency control (LFC). This article broaches a modern power network composed of three interconnected control areas including traditional generation units taking into account non‐linearities, also renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage (ES) units are involved in the power grid paradigm. Two forms of RESs are included in the analysis, which are photovoltaic (PV) and wind power plants. In addition, the study framework involves three types of ES units, which are batteries of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs), flywheel energy storage system (FESS) and capacitive energy storage system (CESS). In this analysis, LFC is accomplished by the use of proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controllers in the system control loops. A recent optimization algorithm called Manta Ray Foraging optimization (MRFO) is employed to obtain the optimal gain configuration of the controllers. Real site measurements are imported to the RESs involved in the study aiming to examine the proposed control scheme under realistic conditions. Compared with other rival algorithms, the effectiveness of the MRFO‐based PID controller is validated. Simulation results confirm the efficacy of the proposed control scheme. The findings also ensure the role of ES units in optimizing the time‐domain responses. The main contributions of this paper are applying a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm to solve the LFC problem and introducing a new criteria for judging the system performance in compliance with the harmonic spectrum of the responses in the frequency domain. The results of the simulation are retrieved through a MATLAB model.

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An intelligent cascaded fuzzy‐lead‐lag‐based damping control scheme incorporating variable frequency transformer and superconducting magnetic energy storage in multimachine power system

Mushtaq,

Mufti

2023

Circuit Theory & Apps

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This paper investigates the potential capability of recently proposed flexible power transmisssion device, namely, variable frequency transformer (VFT), to effectively mitigate low‐frequency oscillations (LFOs). VFT with a high rotational inertia has an inherent natural damping capacity that may be utilized to attenuate power system oscillations. To provide additional system damping, a comprehensive approach is presented, which integrates the coordination of VFT with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). An intelligently designed novel cascaded lead‐lag fuzzy logic controller (CLLFLC) utilizing a global stabilizing control signal constitutes the supervisory controller for VFT and SMES. The stabilizing feedback signal that contains information about overall system dynamics can be easily obtained through wide area measurement systems (WAMS) and is determined using participation factor (PF) analysis. In addition, a newly developed optimization technique known as K‐means optimizer (KO) is used for optimizing CLLFLC parameters utilized for the carefully orchestrated operation of VFT and SMES. Numerous simulation studies are conducted on two‐area multigenerator interconnected network to validate the resilience of the suggested approach. The findings demonstrate that the proposed control strategy with optimized gain parameters efficaciously damped the LFOs. To show the superior damping effectiveness of the suggested KO‐CLLFLC controller, a comparative performance evaluation with a damping controller designed on residue approach was also undertaken.

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A state-of-the-art review on modern and future developments of AGC/LFC of conventional and renewable energy-based power systems

Cited by 67 publications

References 420 publications

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm‐based load frequency control for hybrid modern power systems

An intelligent cascaded fuzzy‐lead‐lag‐based damping control scheme incorporating variable frequency transformer and superconducting magnetic energy storage in multimachine power system

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