Abstract:Expansive soils exist in many countries worldwide, and their characteristics make them exceedingly difficult to engineer. Due to its significant swelling and shrinkage characteristics, expansive soil defies many of the stabilization solutions available to engineers. Differential heave or settlement occurs when expansive soil swells or shrinks, causing severe damage to foundations, buildings, roadways, and retaining structures. In such soils, it is necessary to construct a foundation that avoids the adverse eff… Show more
“…The present study employs the same methodology and materials properties as Alnmr et al [69]. For further details, please refer to [69].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The present study employs the same methodology and materials properties as Alnmr et al [69]. For further details, please refer to [69]. Figure 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of unreinforced and reinforced soil with helical and granular anchor piles.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure 9 presents a detailed illustration of the expansive soil layer, sand layer, pile, footing, and the employed mesh. The numerical simulation incorporates seven distinct phases, each playing a crucial role in comprehensively analyzing the behavior of the system: [69].…”
Section: Boundary and Initial Conditionsmentioning
This study investigates the performance of granular anchor piles and helical piles in expansive soils. Expansive soils pose challenges for engineering due to their significant swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Special considerations are required for constructing foundations on expansive soil to mitigate volumetric changes. While helical piles provide uplift resistance in light structures, they may not fully stabilize foundations in expansive soils. In contrast, granular anchor piles offer a simpler alternative for resisting uplift forces. A numerical study was conducted to analyze the pullout loads, compressive loads, and heave behavior of these anchor techniques. The results demonstrate that granular anchor piles outperform helical piles in terms of pullout and compressive performance, with improvements ranging from 17% to 22.5% in pullout capacity and 0.5% to 19% in compressive capacity, depending on specific pile lengths and diameters examined. However, both techniques show similar effectiveness in reducing heave, achieving reductions of over 90% when specific conditions are met. Additionally, the use of high-rise cap piles contributes to significant heave reduction, effectively minimizing heave to nearly negligible levels compared to low-rise cap piles. It is found that the relative density of the granular material has a more pronounced effect on the pullout load compared to the compressive load, and its impact varies depending on the length of the pile. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid high relative density when the pile is entirely within the expansive soil while utilizing higher relative density is beneficial when the pile penetrates and settles in the stable zone.
“…The present study employs the same methodology and materials properties as Alnmr et al [69]. For further details, please refer to [69].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The present study employs the same methodology and materials properties as Alnmr et al [69]. For further details, please refer to [69]. Figure 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of unreinforced and reinforced soil with helical and granular anchor piles.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure 9 presents a detailed illustration of the expansive soil layer, sand layer, pile, footing, and the employed mesh. The numerical simulation incorporates seven distinct phases, each playing a crucial role in comprehensively analyzing the behavior of the system: [69].…”
Section: Boundary and Initial Conditionsmentioning
This study investigates the performance of granular anchor piles and helical piles in expansive soils. Expansive soils pose challenges for engineering due to their significant swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Special considerations are required for constructing foundations on expansive soil to mitigate volumetric changes. While helical piles provide uplift resistance in light structures, they may not fully stabilize foundations in expansive soils. In contrast, granular anchor piles offer a simpler alternative for resisting uplift forces. A numerical study was conducted to analyze the pullout loads, compressive loads, and heave behavior of these anchor techniques. The results demonstrate that granular anchor piles outperform helical piles in terms of pullout and compressive performance, with improvements ranging from 17% to 22.5% in pullout capacity and 0.5% to 19% in compressive capacity, depending on specific pile lengths and diameters examined. However, both techniques show similar effectiveness in reducing heave, achieving reductions of over 90% when specific conditions are met. Additionally, the use of high-rise cap piles contributes to significant heave reduction, effectively minimizing heave to nearly negligible levels compared to low-rise cap piles. It is found that the relative density of the granular material has a more pronounced effect on the pullout load compared to the compressive load, and its impact varies depending on the length of the pile. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid high relative density when the pile is entirely within the expansive soil while utilizing higher relative density is beneficial when the pile penetrates and settles in the stable zone.
“…The primary application of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is to evaluate the performance of unsaturated soil properties for a range of geotechnical engineering applications [1]. One common application of SWCCs in geotechnical engineering is to assess the hydraulic properties necessary to simulate water flow through unsaturated soils [2][3][4][5][6]. The SWCC shape reflects the soil's water retention capacity and porosity characteristics, enabling the estimation of various engineering properties such as hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, and diffusion coefficient [7,8].…”
Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an essential parameter in unsaturated soil mechanics, and it plays a significant role in geotechnical engineering to enhance theoretical analysis and numerical calculations. This study investigated the effects of key factors, such as the percentage of sand, initial degree of saturation, and initial dry unit weight, on the SWCC of expansive soil by measuring the matric suction using a pressure apparatus method. The empirical equation of SWCC was obtained using the Van Genuchten and Fredlung Xing models, and the processing of experimental data checks the fitting of the two empirical models. The findings revealed that the Fredlung Xing model fit the relationship between matric suction and volumetric water content of expansive soil better than the Van Genuchten model, indicating that the pressure apparatus approach’s experimental data are correct and acceptable. The study also found that the matric suction increased with decreasing percentage of added sand at the same volumetric moisture content, and the increase in initial dry unit weight increased the matric suction, with the water retention capacity decreasing significantly after adding 20% sand. Moreover, as the initial degree of saturation increased, the volumetric water content decreased, and the characteristic curves became identical when the initial saturation degree reached 90%. Finally, to minimize the water retention capacity of expansive soils, the study recommended adding a percentage of sand not less than 30% to the expansive clay sample.
“…Nelson and Miller [7] assert that expansive soils may result in greater financial losses than earthquakes or floods. In addressing this challenge, the behavior of expansive soils has been studied in numerous studies by adding different materials to improve their characteristics [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Although these studies have shown that soil characteristics can be improved via the addition of materials, many unresolved questions remain.…”
This paper presents a novel application of machine learning models to clarify the intricate behaviors of expansive soils, focusing on the impact of sand content, saturation level, and dry density. Departing from conventional methods, this research utilizes a data-centric approach, employing a suite of sophisticated machine learning models to predict soil properties with remarkable precision. The inclusion of a 30% sand mixture is identified as a critical threshold for optimizing soil strength and stiffness, a finding that underscores the transformative potential of sand amendment in soil engineering. In a significant advancement, the study benchmarks the predictive power of several models including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting regression (GBR), random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR), support vector regression (SVR), symbolic regression (SR), and artificial neural networks (ANNs and proposed ANN-GMDH). Symbolic regression equations have been developed to predict the elasticity modulus and unconfined compressive strength of the investigated expansive soil. Despite the complex behaviors of expansive soil, the trained models allow for optimally predicting the values of unconfined compressive parameters. As a result, this paper provides for the first time a reliable and simply applicable approach for estimating the unconfined compressive parameters of expansive soils. The proposed ANN-GMDH model emerges as the pre-eminent model, demonstrating exceptional accuracy with the best metrics. These results not only highlight the ANN’s superior performance but also mark this study as a groundbreaking endeavor in the application of machine learning to soil behavior prediction, setting a new benchmark in the field.
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