A spectacularly reactive cathode

Thomas, Josh

doi:10.1038/nmat1010

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Both spectra show a wide peak between 1000 and 1100 cm (1 . That peak corresponds to vibrations due to PO 4 3( ions (14). However, a sharper peak is found in both spectra at 1100 cm (1 exactly.…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This work has been aimed at developing a lowtemperature method for the synthesis of zinc-doped LiFePO 4 . As the product was originally obtained in the form of a precipitate, the entire precipitate was what went through characterization.…”

Section: Product Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithium-ion batteries were introduced by the Sony Corporation in the early 1990s (4). They are of great technological importance because of their usage in personal electronic devices, such as cellular phones, notebook computers, laptops, and high-end desktop computers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A category of rechargeable lithium batteries that is of great interest is the set of batteries where the cathode material is a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) (6). LiFePO 4 is an environmentally friendly and safe (6). It has a high-lithium intercalation voltage (Â3.5 V relative to lithium metal), high-theoretical capacity (170 mA h g (1 ), low raw materials cost, and stability when used with common electrolyte systems (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(6). Using the same sources for lithium, phosphate, and iron, and using zinc oxide (ZnO) as the source for zinc, a zinc-doped LiFePO 4 material has also been prepared by a solid-state route by Liu et al (7). Iron (II) sulfate has been used in the past as a starting material for high-temperature synthesis of both LiFePO 4 (9) and zinc-doped LiFePO 4 (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-temperature synthesis of a green material for lithium-ion batteries cathode

Mousavi

Bensalem

Gee

2010

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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Battery technology is an important anthropogenic source of the heavy metals which are highly threatening to human health. A category of rechargeable lithium batteries that is of great interest is the set of batteries where the cathode material is a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ). LiFePO 4 is an environmentally friendly and safe lithiumion battery cathode material, but it has a key limitation, and that is its extremely low-electronic conductivity, a problem that can be greatly overcome by zinc-doping LiFePO 4 . For the first time to our knowledge, a lowtemperature method, that is advantageous both economically and technologically, for the synthesis of a zincdoped LiFePO 4 is presented. Since the method appears to be applicable for synthesizing various zinc-doped LiFePO 4 compounds with the general formula LiFe 1(x Zn x PO 4 (0 Bx B1), it is very promising for the production of a green cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.

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Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Product Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Low-temperature synthesis of a green material for lithium-ion batteries cathode

Mousavi

Bensalem

Gee

2010

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Systems

Dong

Dunn

2009

Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry

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Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low‐Temperature Performance of Li‐Ion Batteries

Sides

Martin²

2005

Advanced Materials

263

156

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Li-ion batteries have become the power source of choice for consumer electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers.[1±4] This is because these batteries have good rechargeability (1000+ cycles) and offer higher energy density (stored charge per unit volume or mass of the battery) than competing battery technologies. [1,2] However, it is well documented that Li-ion batteries show poor low-temperature performance.[5±9] Specifically, the amount of charge delivered from the battery at temperatures below 0 C is substantially lower than the amount of charge delivered at room temperature. [5,7,8] This precludes the utilization of these batteries in a number of defense, space, and even terrestrial applications.[10]We have been investigating the application of nanotechnology to Li-ion battery electrode design.[11±13] Based on these studies it seemed likely that Li-ion battery electrodes composed of nanoscopic particles of the electrode material could mitigate this low-temperature performance problem. We prove this case here by showing that nanofibers (diameter = 70 nm) of the electrode material V 2 O 5 deliver dramatically higher specific discharge capacities at low temperatures than V 2 O 5 fibers with micrometer-sized diameters. While there is controversy in the scientific literature, [5,7±9] the most likely causes of the poor low-temperature performance are either: 1) diminution in the rates of these electrochemical charge/discharge reactions at low temperatures; or 2) diminution in the rate at which Li + diffuses within the particles that make up the electrode at low temperature. We hypothesized that in either case, an electrode composed of nanoscopic particles (diameters less than 100 nm) would provide better low temperature performance than the~10 lm sized particles [14] used in commercial battery electrodes. This is because an electrode composed of nanoscopic particles would, in general (vide infra), have a higher surface area than an electrode composed of large particles, and this would mitigate the slow electrochemical kinetics problem. Furthermore, the distance that Li + must diffuse within the particle would be decreased for nanoscopic particles, and this would mitigate the slow solid-state diffusion problem.To prove this point we have used the template-synthesis method [15] to prepare cathodes composed of monodisperse V 2 O 5 nanofibers (diameter = 70 nm) that protrude from a current-collector surface like the bristles of a brush (Fig. 1a). We compare the low-temperature charge/discharge performance of these nanofiber cathodes with cathodes composed of V 2 O 5 fibers with diameters of 0.8 lm (Fig. 1b), as well as with cathodes composed of 0.45 lm diameter fibers (Fig. 1c). If our hypothesis is correct, the low-temperature performance of the

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A spectacularly reactive cathode

Cited by 54 publications

References 5 publications

Low-temperature synthesis of a green material for lithium-ion batteries cathode

Low-temperature synthesis of a green material for lithium-ion batteries cathode

Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Systems

Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low‐Temperature Performance of Li‐Ion Batteries

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