A specific mixture of short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides induces a beneficial immunoglobulin profile in infants at high risk for allergy

Hoffen, Els van; Ruiter, Bert; Faber, Jens; M’Rabet, Laura; Knol, Edward F.; Stahl, Bernd; Arslanoğlu, Sertaç; Moro, Guido; Boehm, Günther; Garssen, Johan

doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01765.x

Cited by 168 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Nowadays cow-milk derived infant formulas are therefore often supplemented with affordable non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) to substitute for some of the HMO functions (Vandenplas et al 2015). Although beneficial effects of these carbohydrate supplementations have been reported on prevention of allergy and atopic dermatitis (Hoffen et al 2009;Rijnierse et al 2011), it remains largely unclear by which mechanisms these effects are accomplished. Furthermore, there are more potentially beneficial NDCs available which might be suitable for the supplementation of infant formulas.…”

Section: Ndcs To Replace Hmos In Infant Formula: Effects On Microbiotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation

Akkerman

Faas²,

Vos

2018

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

131

140

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Human milk (HM) is the golden standard for nutrition of newborn infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundantly present in HM and exert multiple beneficial functions, such as support of colonization of the gut microbiota, reduction of pathogenic infections and support of immune development. HMO-composition is during lactation continuously adapted by the mother to accommodate the needs of the neonate. Unfortunately, for many valid reasons not all neonates can be fed with HM and are either totally or partly fed with cow-milk derived infant formulas, which do not contain HMOs. These cow-milk formulas are supplemented with non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that have functional effects similar to that of some HMOs, since production of synthetic HMOs is challenging and still very expensive. However, NDCs cannot substitute all HMO functions. More efficacious NDCs may be developed and customized for specific groups of neonates such as pre-matures and allergy prone infants. Here current knowledge of HMO functions in the neonate in view of possible replacement of HMOs by NDCs in infant formulas is reviewed. Furthermore, methods to expedite identification of suitable NDCs and structure/function relationships are reviewed as in vivo studies in babies are impossible.

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Section: Ndcs To Replace Hmos In Infant Formula: Effects On Microbiotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation

Akkerman

Faas²,

Vos

2018

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

131

140

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“…Some nondigestible oligosaccharides are called prebiotics, because they stimulate the growth of commensal bacteria known to be beneficial to the host (38). It has been shown that infant formula including specific nondigestible carbohydrates, like shortchain galactooligosacharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (lcFOS), affects the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and severity of asthma and lowers IgE antibody titers in atopic disease (1,53,54). In addition, in infants receiving scGOS, lcFOS, and pectin-derived oligosaccharides (pAOS), a preventive effect was found for development of atopic dermatitis (17).…”

Section: R Espiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv) a Pneumovirus In The Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Dietary Oligosaccharides Increase Th1 Responses in a Mouse Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Model

Schijf

Kruijsen

Bastiaans

et al. 2012

J Virol

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dBreast feeding reduces the risk of developing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in infants. In addition to maternal antibodies, other immune-modulating factors in human milk contribute to this protection. Specific dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides, similar to oligosaccharides present in human milk, were evaluated in a C57BL/6 mouse RSV infection model. During primary RSV infection, increased numbers of RSV-specific CD4 ؉ T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-␥) were found in the lungs at days 8 to 10 postinfection in mice receiving diet containing short-chain galactooligosacharides, long-chain fructooligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (termed scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS). In a Th2-skewed formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccination model, the prebiotic diet reduced RSV-specific Th2 cytokine (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-5, and IL-13)-producing CD4؉ T cells in the lung and the magnitude of airway eosinophilia at day 4 and 6 after infection. This was accompanied by a decreased influx of inflammatory dendritic cells (CD11b ؉ /CD11c ؉ ) and increased numbers of IFN-␥-producing CD4 ؉ and CD8؉ T cells at day 8 after viral challenge. These findings suggest that specific dietary oligosaccharides can influence trafficking and/or effector functions of innate immune, CD4؉ , and CD8 ؉ T cell subsets in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In our models, scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS had no effect on weight but increased viral clearance in FI-RSV-vaccinated mice 8 days after infection. The increased systemic Th1 responses potentiated by scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS might contribute to an accelerated Th1/Th2 shift of the neonatal immune system, which might favor protective immunity against viral infections with a high attack rate in early infancy, such as RSV. R espiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pneumovirus in the familyParamyxoviridae, infects nearly all children within the first 3 years of life (15). Primary RSV infections can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, which are associated with significantly increased risk of developing wheeze during childhood that lasts until teenage years (31,45,46). Symptomatic reinfections occur in every age group, but the frequency and severity of symptoms are highest in children below 5 years of age. The mechanism behind the onset of severe RSV infections is still not completely clear. Severe RSV infections that require hospitalization are most frequent in infants 2 to 4 months of age (44). Therefore, it has been proposed that inadequate innate or adaptive responses of the immature immune system contribute to disease severity; in particular, Th2 bias of the immature immune system has been suggested to be an important factor contributing to RSV disease (5, 36).Formation of the intestinal microbiota population, starting directly after birth, is shaped during infancy and is unique for each individual throughout life (23, 37). The intestinal microbiota composition is important for establishment of gut homeostasis and affects local mucosal immunity (20). Although it has been documented tha...

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“…19 GOS/FOS supplementation was also reported to induce a beneficial antibody profile. 39 GOS/FOS would reduce the total Ig response and modulate the immune response toward CMP, leaving the response to vaccination intact. 39 In practice, different supplements (prebiotics, lipids, nucleotides,.…”

Section: Prebiotics and Immune Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotics in infant formula

2014

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The gastrointestinal microbiota of breast-fed babies differ from classic standard formula fed infants. While mother's milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides and contains small amounts of probiotics, standard infant formula doesn't. Different prebiotic oligosaccharides are added to infant formula: galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharide, polydextrose, and mixtures of these. There is evidence that addition of prebiotics in infant formula alters the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota resembling that of breastfed infants. They are added to infant formula because of their presence in breast milk. Infants on these supplemented formula have a lower stool pH, a better stool consistency and frequency and a higher concentration of bifidobacteria in their intestine compared to infants on a non-supplemented standard formula. Since most studies suggest a trend for beneficial clinical effects, and since these ingredients are very safe, prebiotics bring infant formula one step closer to breastmilk, the golden standard. However, despite the fact that adverse events are rare, the evidence on prebiotics of a significant health benefit throughout the alteration of the gut microbiota is limited.

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A specific mixture of short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides induces a beneficial immunoglobulin profile in infants at high risk for allergy

Cited by 168 publications

References 12 publications

Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation

Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation

Specific Dietary Oligosaccharides Increase Th1 Responses in a Mouse Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Model

Prebiotics in infant formula

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