“…Up until now, some methods, such as fluorescence-based assays, antibody based methods, LC–MS/MS, and so on, have been developed for HSA quantitative detection in blood samples. , Among them, fluorescence assays have been widespread applied to quantify HSA in multiple samples samples, due to their favorable perpertied for the rapid, convenient, sensitive, and nondestructive detection for biological samples. − However, the reported fluorescent bioprobes for detection of HSA possess a few limitations. For example, some bioprobes are insoluble in aqueous media, − which makes it difficult for assays in biological systems; a few bioprobes selectively recognize protein by covalent reactions with the thiol or amino moiety of the protein; however, this irreversible binding may lead to denaturation of proteins. , What is more, some bioprobes for protein detection comprising conventional organic dye molecules tend to aggregate when dispersed in physiological buffer, which usually quenches fluorescence attributed to the aggregates’ nonradiative relaxation. − Limitations of probes for protein detection listed above has forced researchers to employ single molecules in extreme dilute solutions as bioprobes. However, the dilute solution may lead to a weak emission and the poor sensitivity in fluorescent bioassays.…”