A soybean quantitative trait locus that promotes flowering under long days is identified as<i>FT5a</i>, a<i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i>ortholog

Takeshima, Ryoma; Hayashi, Takafumi; Zhu, Jianghui; Zhao, Chen; Xu, Ming; Yamaguchi, Naoya; Sayama, Takashi; Ishimoto, Masao; Kong, Lingping; Shi, Xinyi; Liu, Baohui; Tian, Zhixi; Yamada, Tetsuya; Kong, Fanjiang; Abe, Jun

doi:10.1093/jxb/erw283

Cited by 57 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…Supporting the possible role of FT2c in photoperiod sensitivity, the late‐flowering effect of the domesticated FT2c allele was apparent under flowering‐inductive short day (Figure ). Although the FT2c locus has not been reported in previous QTL and genome‐wide association studies for flowering time variation, the observed flowering time effect of FT2c is severer than that of known major E loci and the previously reported FT2a and FT5a QTLs under short day (Xia et al ., ; Wu et al ., ; Takeshima et al ., ; Zhao et al ., ). It is also possible that the moderate length of vegetative growth may be favored for higher yield potential during the early stage of soybean and sunflower domestication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FT has underlain the evolution of flowering control across a number of crop species, including soybean (Takeshima et al ., ; Zhao et al ., ), rice (Tsuji et al ., ; Ogiso‐Tanaka et al ., ), maize (Bouchet et al ., ) and sugar beet (Pin et al ., ), whereas our findings on soybean FT2c , together with sunflower FT , point to the possibility that FT homologues are a target of artificial selection in domestication of multiple crops. Only a few examples of recurrent selection on a domestication gene are known to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, GmFT2a and GmFT5a are known to be the major functional FT orthologues. A transposon insertion in GmFT2a is shown to underlie the minor maturity locus E9 (Zhao et al ., ), while rare variation in transcript abundance of GmFT5a underlies a flowering time QTL under long days (Takeshima et al ., ). Recently, a new FT gene copy, FT2c , has been predicted in the de novo ‐assembled G. soja genome (Li et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication

Sedivy

Price

et al. 2017

The Plant Journal

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SUMMARYTo clarify the molecular bases of flowering time evolution in crop domestication, here we investigate the evolutionary fates of a set of four recently duplicated genes in soybean: FT2a, FT2b, FT2c and FT2d that are homologues of the floral inducer FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). While FT2a maintained the flowering inducer function, other genes went through contrasting evolutionary paths. FT2b evolved attenuated expression potentially associated with a transposon insertion in the upstream intergenic region, while FT2c and FT2d obtained a transposon insertion and structural rearrangement, respectively. In contrast to FT2b and FT2d whose mutational events occurred before the separation of G. max and G. soja, the evolution of FT2c is a G. max lineage specific event. The FT2c allele carrying a transposon insertion is nearly fixed in soybean landraces and differentiates domesticated soybean from wild soybean, indicating that this allele spread at the early stage of soybean domestication. The domesticated allele causes later flowering than the wild allele under short day and exhibits a signature of selection. These findings suggest that FT2c may have underpinned the evolution of photoperiodic flowering regulation in soybean domestication and highlight the evolutionary dynamics of this agronomically important gene family.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication

Sedivy

Price

et al. 2017

The Plant Journal

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“…For five of these 10 loci, E1–E4 and E9 (Takeshima et al . ; Zhao et al . ), the gene has been cloned and the molecular basis of their role in photoperiod response has been partly characterized and reviewed by Xia et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of mega‐environments in Europe and effect of allelic variation at maturity E loci on adaptation of European soybean

Kurasch

Hahn

Leiser

et al. 2017

Plant Cell & Environment

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Soybean cultivation holds great potential for a sustainable agriculture in Europe, but adaptation remains a central issue. In this large mega-environment (MEV) study, 75 European cultivars from five early maturity groups (MGs 000-II) were evaluated for maturity-related traits at 22 locations in 10 countries across Europe. Clustering of the locations based on phenotypic similarity revealed six MEVs in latitudinal direction and suggested several more. Analysis of maturity identified several groups of cultivars with phenotypic similarity that are optimally adapted to the different growing regions in Europe. We identified several haplotypes for the allelic variants at the E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes, with each E haplotype comprising cultivars from different MGs. Cultivars with the same E haplotype can exhibit different flowering and maturity characteristics, suggesting that the genetic control of these traits is more complex and that adaptation involves additional genetic pathways, for example temperature requirement. Taken together, our study allowed the first unified assessment of soybean-growing regions in Europe and illustrates the strong effect of photoperiod on soybean adaptation and MEV classification, as well as the effects of the E maturity loci for soybean adaptation in Europe.

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“…These FT genes are the result of tandem and whole genome duplications in soybean (Thakare, Kumudini, & Dinkins, 2011;Wang et al, 2015). Among these genes, GmFT2a and GmFT5a have been found to promote flowering following the expression of the phytochrome PHYA in soybean, and show the same relationship as AtFT and AtTSF (TWIN SISTER of FT) in Arabidopsis (Nan et al, 2014;Takeshima et al, 2016;Yamaguchi, Kobayashi, Goto, Abe, & Araki, 2005). Expression of both GmFT2a and GmFT5a is up-regulated under SD conditions, whereas they are significantly down-regulated under long-day (LD) conditions (Kong et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

Chen

Cai

et al. 2020

Plant Cell & Environment

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Day length has an important influence on flowering and growth habit in many plant species. In crops such as soybean, photoperiod sensitivity determines the geographical range over which a given cultivar can grow and flower. The soybean genome contains ~10 genes homologous to FT, a central regulator of flowering from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the precise roles of these soybean FTs are not clearly. Here we show that one such gene, GmFT2b, promotes flowering under long‐days (LDs). Overexpression of GmFT2b upregulates expression of flowering‐related genes which are important in regulating flowering time. We propose a ‘weight’ model for soybean flowering under short‐day (SD) and LD conditions. Furthermore, we examine GmFT2b sequences in 195 soybean cultivars, as well as flowering phenotypes, geographical distributions and maturity groups. We found that Hap3, a major GmFT2b haplotype, is associated with significantly earlier flowering at higher latitudes. We anticipate our assay to provide important resources for the genetic improvement of soybean, including new germplasm for soybean breeding, and also increase our understanding of functional diversity in the soybean FT gene family.

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A soybean quantitative trait locus that promotes flowering under long days is identified asFT5a, aFLOWERING LOCUS Tortholog

Abstract: HighlightWe identified different expression levels of FT5a, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, as the molecular basis of a quantitative trait locus that promotes flowering under long-day conditions in soybean.

Cited by 57 publications

References 85 publications

Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication

Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication

Identification of mega‐environments in Europe and effect of allelic variation at maturity E loci on adaptation of European soybean

Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

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