A solution thermodynamics definition of the fiber saturation point and the derivation of a wood–water phase (state) diagram

Zelinka, Samuel L.; Glass, Samuel V.; Jakes, Joseph E.; Stone, Donald S.

doi:10.1007/s00226-015-0788-7

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…MC = moisture content, m water = mass of water in the wood, m wet = mass of specimen at given MC, m dry = mass of the oven-dry wood [4,42]. Moisture in wood can be categorized as being either free or bound water.…”

Section: Wood-water Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interaction of wood with water is a major concern when it comes to wood and wood-based materials. The absorption of moisture causes dimensional instabilities and swelling forces in the wood that may cause splits [3,4]. Additionally, moisture accumulation in wood is required for the growth and proliferation of fungi, which leads to wood degradation by wood-decay fungi [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wood Moisture-Induced Swelling at the Cellular Scale—Ab Intra

Arzola-Villegas

Lakes

Plaza

et al. 2019

Forests

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Wood, a complex hierarchical material, continues to be widely used as a resource to meet humankind’s material needs, in addition to providing inspiration for the development of new biomimetic materials. However, for wood to meet its full potential, researchers must overcome the challenge of understanding its fundamental moisture-related properties across its many levels of hierarchy spanning from the molecular scale up to the bulk wood level. In this perspective, a review of recent research on wood moisture-induced swelling and shrinking is presented from the molecular level to the cellular scale. Numerous aspects of swelling and shrinking in wood remain poorly understood, sub-cellular phenomena in particular, because it can be difficult to study them experimentally. Here, we discuss recent research endeavors at each of the relevant length scales, including the molecular, cellulose elementary fibril, secondary cell wall layer nanostructure, cell wall, cell, and cellular levels. At each length scale, we provide a discussion on the current knowledge and suggestions for future research. The potential impacts of moisture-induced swelling pressures on experimental observations of swelling and shrinking in wood at different length scales are also recognized and discussed.

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Section: Wood-water Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Moisture-Induced Swelling at the Cellular Scale—Ab Intra

Arzola-Villegas

Lakes

Plaza

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…In a two-phase equilibrium, the chemical potential of each component is the same in both phases, but the relative amounts of the phases can change with the total composition (Callister, 2003). For the wood-water system, this means that the overhygroscopic region contains a range of possible moisture contents at a given chemical potential (Zelinka et al, 2016b). Likewise, adding liquid water to blocks results in an uneven moisture gradient and erroneous electrical measurements.…”

Section: Electrical Measurements and The Effect Of Moisture On The Rementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Because wood decay is most active in the overhygroscopic region (Griffin, 1977), this calibration curve is essential for understanding how wood decay changes electrical properties. However, these measurements are challenging because the overhygroscopic region represents a region on the wood water phase diagram where two phases are in equilibrium (Zelinka et al, 2016b). In a two-phase equilibrium, the chemical potential of each component is the same in both phases, but the relative amounts of the phases can change with the total composition (Callister, 2003).…”

Section: Electrical Measurements and The Effect Of Moisture On The Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical properties of wood colonized by Gloeophyllum trabeum

Kirker

Bishell

Zelinka

2016

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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a b s t r a c tThis paper examines how wood decay fungi affect the electrical resistance (resistivity) of wood to determine whether an electrical resistance probe could be deployed as a remote sensor in a wall to detect wood decay. Electrical resistance measurements were taken on wood blocks exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum in a standard soil bottle tests (AWPA E10) as a function of time. To understand how and why resistance changed with time, results were compared against resistance measurements taken in sterilized, un-inoculated wood at high moisture contents; concentrations of certain mineral ions in the wood were also measured. Results indicate that most of the changes in electrical resistance in the soil bottle test could be described by changes in moisture content alone. When the moisture effects were removed, decay fungi decreased the resistance at small amounts of weight loss but increased the resistance at high weight loss. The results presented herein help to explain the mechanism by which empirical, electrical resistance nondestructive testing devices work and also the limitations on using resistance measurements to detect wood decay.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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“…It was recently proposed that ion diffusion inside wood is a percolation-controlled phenomenon, 54 and recent experimental results showed a MC threshold below which ions did not diffuse through wood cell walls. 55,56 This led to the hypothesis that the key to stopping fungal oxidant diffusion lies in preventing the formation of a percolating network of diffusion domains within the cell wall.…”

Section: Massive Timber Construction (Tall Wood Building)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Just Lumber—Using Wood in the Sustainable Future of Materials, Chemicals, and Fuels

Jakes

Arzola-Villegas

Bergman

et al. 2016

JOM

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Forest-derived biomaterials can play an integral role in a sustainable and renewable future. Research across a range of disciplines is required to develop the knowledge necessary to overcome the challenges of incorporating more renewable forest resources in materials, chemicals, and fuels. We focus on wood specifically because in our view, better characterization of wood as a raw material and as a feedstock will lead to its increased utilization. We first give an overview of wood structure and chemical composition and then highlight current topics in forest products research, including (1) industrial chemicals, biofuels, and energy from woody materials; (2) wood-based activated carbon and carbon nanostructures; (3) development of improved wood protection treatments; (4) massive timber construction; (5) wood as a bioinspiring material; and (6) atomic simulations of wood polymers. We conclude with a discussion of the sustainability of wood as a renewable forest resource. WOOD'S 390 MILLIONTH BIRTHDAYWood is one of the major innovations of land plants ''invented'' some 390 million years ago. Wood enabled individual plants to increase their stature and persistence in the environment, facilitating the ability of trees to play roles in landscape change and biome composition and to fundamentally alter the global cycling of water, minerals, and carbon. Since prehistoric times, humans have found wood invaluable for meeting many of their needs, including energy, tools, and shelter-not surprising given its near-ubiquity, versatility, and renewability. Only in the comparatively recent past have other nonrenewable natural resources, such as fossil fuels or metal ores, become the resources of choice to meet our material needs. We postulate that wood will play an increasing role in the sustainability of our future materials through both expansion of uses for current forest products and development of alternatives to materials currently derived from nonrenewable resources. Life cycle assessments, which categorize energy consumption and emission profiles for products over their whole life cycle, 1,2 consistently show that many wood-based materials use less fossil fuels to produce than do competing materials.3,4 Using wood products can also lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels because growing forests capture carbon and harvested wood products store the accumulated carbon while in service.Historically, wood research has been the purview of wood technologists; however, we see the future of wood research as interdisciplinary, collaborative, quantitative, and meaningful, both scientifically

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A solution thermodynamics definition of the fiber saturation point and the derivation of a wood–water phase (state) diagram

Cited by 45 publications

References 46 publications

Wood Moisture-Induced Swelling at the Cellular Scale—Ab Intra

Wood Moisture-Induced Swelling at the Cellular Scale—Ab Intra

Electrical properties of wood colonized by Gloeophyllum trabeum

Not Just Lumber—Using Wood in the Sustainable Future of Materials, Chemicals, and Fuels

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