A single antigenomic open reading frame of the hepatitis delta virus encodes the epitope(s) of both hepatitis delta antigen polypeptides p24 delta and p27 delta

Weiner, Amy J.; Choo, Qui‐Lim; Wang, Kang-Sheng; Govindarajan, Sugantha; Redeker, A G; Gerin, John L.; Houghton, Michael

doi:10.1128/jvi.62.2.594-599.1988

Cited by 218 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…57,95 These two proteins are identical except for the 19 additional amino acids at the C-terminal end of the L-HDAg. 96 The proteins are encoded by two species of mRNA, the only difference between the two being a single nucleotide substitution at position 1015, changing the amber termination stopcodon for S-HDAg from UAG to UGG on the antigenomic RNA. This allows read-through to the next termination codon, thus giving rise to the L-HDAg.…”

Section: Hepatitis Delta Antigenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis D virus

Karayiannis

1998

Rev. Med. Virol.

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The hepatitis D virus (HDV) relies on the helper hepatitis B virus (HBV) for the provision of its envelope, which consists of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The RNA genome of HDV is a circular rod‐like structure due to its extensive intramolecular base‐pairing. HDV‐RNA has ribozyme activity which includes autocatalytic cleavage and self‐ligation properties, essential in virus replication via the rolling circle mechanism. Replication of the RNA is thought to be effected by cellular RNA polymerase II. Hepatitis D antigen (HDAg) is the only protein encoded by HDV‐RNA and its long and short forms have a regulatory role in the replication and morphogenesis of the virus. Superinfected HBV carriers who become chronically infected with HDV are at increased risk of developing cirrhosis. Attempts to treat such carriers with interferon have not been particularly successful. In recent years the epidemiology of HDV has changed primarily due to the impact of HBV vaccination in preventing an increase in the pool of susceptible individuals. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Hepatitis Delta Antigenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis D virus

Karayiannis

1998

Rev. Med. Virol.

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“…Delta antigen is the only known HDV protein; it is encoded by an 0.8-kb RNA from the antigenomic strand (8-11). Two species of delta antigen, the small and the large forms (which have molecular weights of 24 and 27 kD or 27 and 29 kD, respectively), have been found in virions, infected liver tissues from human beings and animals and in transfected cells (8,(20)(21)(22). The large delta antigen has an extra 19 amino acids in its C-terminus compared with the small delta antigen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Expression and localization of the small and large delta antigens during the replication cycle of hepatitis D virus

1992

Hepatology

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To study the expression and localization of delta antigen during the replication cycle of hepatitis D virus, we cotransfected HuH-7 hepatoma cells with a hepatitis B virus expression plasmid and plasmids expressing the small or large delta antigen or the entire HDV genome. The transfected cells and culture medium were analyzed on double immunofluorescence staining for delta antigen and HBsAg, on Western blotting and on Northern-blot hybridization from 4 hr to 9 days after transfection. In cells transfected with the expression plasmid carrying the small delta antigen open reading frame, only the small delta antigen was expressed; it was localized in the nucleolus and was not released into the medium during the culture period. In cells transfected with the large delta antigen expression plasmid, the large delta antigen expressed was localized in the nucleolus at the initial stage; this was followed by relocalization in nucleoplasm. Finally, large delta antigen was released in HBsAg-enveloped particles within 1 day of transfection. In cells cotransfected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus expression plasmids, the small delta antigen was expressed 4 hr after transfection, whereas the large form was expressed 3 days after transfection. Expression of the large delta antigen coincided with the localization changes from nucleolar to mixed stage and, finally, to nucleoplasm and release of the hepatitis D virus particles. The large delta antigen appears to play a key role in relocalization of the delta antigen and packaging of the hepatitis D virus virions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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“…Viroids formed through recombination of fragments present in other viroids have been described [52, 53]. A highly plausible case of modular recombination is provided by Hepatitis δ virus (HDV) [54], the unique animal pathogen described to date with a viroid-like non-coding domain [55] and a second domain coding for an antigen of independent evolutionary origin [56]. The possibility that independent RNA modules, functional in other molecular contexts, could have endowed bona fide viroids with new functions remains however as a hypothesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parsimonious scenario for the emergence of viroid-like repliconsde novo

Catalán

Elena

Cuesta

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Viroids are small, non-coding, circular RNA molecules that infect plants. Different 1 hypotheses for their evolutionary origin have been put forward, such as an early emergence in a 2 precellular RNA World or several de novo independent evolutionary origins in plants. Here we discuss 3 the plausibility of de novo emergence of viroid-like replicons by giving theoretical support to the 4 likelihood of different steps along a parsimonious evolutionary pathway. While Avsunviroidae-like 5 structures are relatively easy to obtain through evolution of a population of random RNA sequences of 6 fixed length, rod-like structures typical of Pospiviroidae are difficult to fix. Using different quantitative 7 approaches, we evaluate the likelihood that RNA sequences fold into a rod-like structure and bear 8 specific sequence motifs facilitating interactions with other molecules, e.g. RNA polymerases, RNases 9 and ligases. By means of numerical simulations, we show that circular RNA replicons analogous 10 to Pospiviroidae emerge if evolution is seeded with minimal circular RNAs that grow through the 11 gradual addition of nucleotides. Further, these rod-like replicons often maintain their structure if 12 independent functional modules are acquired that impose selective constraints. The evolutionary 13 scenario we propose here is consistent with the structural and biochemical properties of viroids 14 described to date. 15

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A single antigenomic open reading frame of the hepatitis delta virus encodes the epitope(s) of both hepatitis delta antigen polypeptides p24 delta and p27 delta

Cited by 218 publications

References 32 publications

Hepatitis D virus

Hepatitis D virus

Expression and localization of the small and large delta antigens during the replication cycle of hepatitis D virus

Parsimonious scenario for the emergence of viroid-like repliconsde novo

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