A Simple, Safe and Efficient Synthesis of Tyrian Purple (6,6′-Dibromoindigo)

Wolk, Joel L.; Frimer, Aryeh A.

doi:10.3390/molecules15085561

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…To determine protein content in the samples, nitrogen content was measured using an Elemental Combustion System 4010 (Costech Analytical Technol., Inc. USA), and then protein content was calculated by multiplying the elemental N content by 6.25 (16% N content in protein). Lipid content of the biofloc size classes was measured according to the procedure of Folch, Lees and Stanley (1957). To determine the lipid content of the commercial feed, method 920.39 of AOAC (1996) was used.…”

Section: Proximate Analysis Of Food Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofloc and food contribution to grow-out and broodstock ofFarfantepenaeus brasiliensis(Latreille, 1817) determined by stable isotopes and fatty acids

et al. 2018

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The aim of this study was to use the natural dietary markers (stable isotopes and fatty acids) during grow‐out in a biofloc system and for the egg production of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis shrimp. Egg production was compared for two broodstock origins: biofloc and a wild origin. To delineate the relative contribution to shrimp muscle and eggs, IsoSource software was used. The most important source that contributed to grow‐out shrimp was biofloc ≥250 μm. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the fatty acid profile of food sources, the first component explains 84.4% of the variability, and the most important source of fatty acids for this component was biofloc ≥250 μm. The most important fresh food sources that contributed to egg production were Artemia biomass, polychaetes and semi‐moist feed for both broodstock origins. According to a PCA analysis of the fatty acid profiles, the most important fresh foods were polychaetes and semi‐moist feed. In conclusion, both isotopic signature and fatty acid profile of the food sources can be used successfully to determine the integration of carbon in the diets of shrimp.

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Section: Proximate Analysis Of Food Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofloc and food contribution to grow-out and broodstock ofFarfantepenaeus brasiliensis(Latreille, 1817) determined by stable isotopes and fatty acids

et al. 2018

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“…45 Synthesis of (E)-6,6 0 -bis(9,9-didodecyluoren-2-yl)-[2,2 0 -biindolinylidene]-3,3 0 -dione (6,6-di(uorene-2-yl)indigo). 45 Synthesis of (E)-6,6 0 -bis(9,9-didodecyluoren-2-yl)-[2,2 0 -biindolinylidene]-3,3 0 -dione (6,6-di(uorene-2-yl)indigo).…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual photophysical properties of conjugated, alternating indigo–fluorene copolymers

et al. 2015

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Alternating indigo-fluorene copolymers have been synthesized by the coupling of didromoindigo and fluorendiboronic ester monomers. The low solubility of the copolymers only allowed for the synthesis of moderate molecular weight copolymers, with a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 11. The syntheses were accomplished through a 10% excess of the fluorene-based monomer component in an AA/BBtype polycondensation mixture. Next, a comprehensive spectroscopic (singlet-singlet and transientfrom fs to msabsorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra) and photophysical investigation (fluorescence, phosphorescence and triplet lifetimes together with fluorescence and triplet occupation and singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yields) of the copolymers was carried out. The experiments were complemented with the spectroscopic results from a fluorene-indigo-fluorene model compound, as well as by TDDFT calculations. Based on our kinetics analysis, singlet energy transfer from the fluorene to indigo moieties is found to be inefficient. Besides the low energy indigo-related absorption band, an additional intermediate energy absorption band is also observed between 400 nm and 500 nm, both for the copolymer and for the model compound. Excitation into this band causes an emission of the indigo moiety. The triplet state is found to be mainly localized at the fluorene moiety; however, the decrease of the phosphorescence quantum yield (f Ph ) when going from the monomeric 9,9bis(dodecyl)fluorene (0.075) to the model trimer (0.003) and copolymer (f Ph ¼ 0.008) suggests that excitation energy transfer occurs in the triplet state. This is further confirmed by the higher level of delocalization of the transient triplet-triplet absorption spectra of the copolymer relative to the monomeric 9,9-bis(dodecyl)fluorene.

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“…Later Albert defined a strategy involving the formation of a thioamide (86). The latter dimerizes to form indirubin (9) (65% yield) in the presence of sodium sulfite and sodium bicarbonate (143) (Scheme 30).…”

Section: The 2-chloro-3h-indole-3-one Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dimerization occurs under alkaline and oxidative conditions to furnish 6,6′-dibromoindigo (17). Although this method is attractive it suffers from the disadvantage of a lack of regioselectivity for the carboxylation and bromination steps (86).…”

Section: Chemical Synthesis Of Tyrian Purplementioning

confidence: 99%