A Simple, Rapid and Eco-Friendly Approach for the Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Environmental Water Using Single-Drop Microextraction-Gas Chromatography

Abstract

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was developed for the extraction and determination of aromatic amines (AAs) in environmental water samples. A silicon tube was introduced for the SDME procedure by inserting it into the needle of the micro-injector. In this manner, a large volume of extractant is allowed to be suspended for the extraction, leading to the enhancement of method sensitivity and reproducibility. Extraction parameters which control the performance of SDME such as the type of microextraction solvent and volume, sample pH, ionic strength and extraction time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the SDME-GC method exhibited good linearity from 0.5 to 50 μg mL(-1) for aniline and 4-methylaniline and 0.1 to 50 μg mL(-1) for N-methylaniline and N, N-diethylaniline. The enrichment factors were calculated to be 42-509. The SDME-GC method was performed for the determination of AAs in environmental water samples including drinking, lake and sea water, and excellent recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD values) ranging from 79.5 to 122.7% and 3.2 to 13.3%, respectively, were obtained. The results demonstrated that SDME-GC is a rapid, simple and effective sample preparation method and could be successfully applied for the determination of AAs in environmental water samples.

A facile and fully automated on-fiber derivatization protocol for direct analysis of short-chain aliphatic amines using a matrix compatible solid-phase microextraction coating

“…After selecting an optimal derivatization/extraction temperature, PFBAY loading time and amine derivatization/extraction time were further optimized with the purpose of achieving an acceptable compromise between sensitivity (dependent on derivatization reaction yields) and total analysis time. Three different PFBAY loading times (5, 10, and 15 min) as well as three reaction times (30,45, and 60 min) were investigated. Generally, longer reaction times led to higher yields of derivatives.…”

“…Sample pH did not exceed 10 as a mean to avoid precocious deterioration of the coatings used [15,21]. PFBAY loading time was maintained constant at 10 min, while different extraction/reaction times of 15,30,45, and 60 min were tested in aqueous solution, in order to take into account for the different diffusivity of the analytes in gas and liquid phase.…”

“…The obtained results also demonstrated that even in cases where the derivatization reaction is performed on the fiber, Although this analysis time is comparable or slightly higher with respect to other derivatization SPME protocols [2,14,[25][26][27], it has the advantage of avoiding the addition of the derivatization agent to each sample which, can potentially constitute an additional source of error in the analysis routine. On the other hand, other extraction techniques such as vortex assisted liquidliquid microextraction [28], micro extraction in packed syringe (MEPS) [29], single drop microextraction (SDME) [30], air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) [9], in syringe derivatization [6] used for determination of derivatized amines often lack automation options, employ organic solvents and include tedious procedures.…”