No abstract

Acute kidney injury is a common complication following heart transplantation, and the factors contributing to acute kidney injury are not well understood. We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating patients who underwent heart transplantation between 2009 and 2016 at a single institution. The primary endpoint was incidence of acute kidney injury as defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Secondary endpoints included 30‐day hospital readmission, 30‐day mortality, and 1‐year mortality. A total of 228 heart transplant patients were included in the study for analysis. In total, 145 (64%) developed acute kidney injury, where 43 (30%) were classified as stage I, 28 (19%) as stage II, and 74 (51%) as stage III. Risk factors found to be associated with the presence of acute kidney injury included increased use of vasopressors and inotropes post‐transplant. Protective factors included cardiopulmonary bypass time <170 min. Acute kidney injury was found to be associated with increased 30‐day and 1‐year mortality.

No abstract

The revolution of palladium-catalyzed reactions in the synthesis of new molecules has created an unprecedented need for highly efficient palladium (Pd) removal processes. Metal scavengers with very selective and efficient removal properties are being extensively applied across process research and development (PR&D) to meet very tight specifications for residual Pd levels. Analytical procedures for the determination of residual Pd are well-established; however, developing methodologies to detect a variety of Pd scavengers in multicomponent reaction mixtures is currently considered an emerging challenge in pharmaceutical analysis. Herein a simple and efficient generic ion chromatography−conductivity detection (IC−CD) method on a Dionex IonPac AS19 column in conjunction with a fully aqueous eluent profile (potassium-hydroxide-based) capable of chromatographically resolving over 10 Pd scavenger species commonly used in PR&D workflows is described. Computerassisted separation modeling using an ACD Labs/LC simulator served to generate 3D resolution maps with excellent separation conditions that matched the outcome of subsequent experimental data. Method validation experiments showed excellent analytical performance in linearity, recovery, repeatability, and LOQ/LOD. In addition, these same chromatographic conditions can separate multiple anionic species and active pharmaceutical (API) counterions along with Pd scavengers in the same experimental run. We also provide strategic examples where API counterion interferences (e.g., sulfate) can be minimized by treating the API sulfate form with barium acetate to enhance the recovery of the Pd scavenger analyte.