A Simple One‐Pot Strategy for Synthesizing Ultrafine SnS₂ Nanoparticle/Graphene Composites as Anodes for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

SnS /graphene composites have attracted extensive attention in energy storage owing to their excellent electrochemical performance. However, most of the previous methods to synthesize SnS /graphene composites require long times, high temperatures, or high pressures, which are obstacles for practical low-cost production. A simple one-pot strategy to prepare SnS /graphene composites has been developed, which is not time-consuming (1 h) and requires moderate temperature (75 °C) in atmosphere. Through this method, ultrafine SnS nanoparticles anchored on graphene nanosheets are prepared and exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for both lithium and sodium storage. Specifically, as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the SnS /graphene electrode delivers a high capacity of 1480 mAh g after 50 cycles at 0.2 A g . Even at 10 A g , the SnS /graphene electrode can achieve a capacity of 666 mAh g . A constructed full lithium-ion cell exhibits a capacity of 957 mAh g after 50 cycles at 1 A g . This simple one-pot strategy may pave the way for large-scale production and practical application of SnS /graphene composites in energy storage.

Surface‐Confined SnS2@C@rGO as High‐Performance Anode Materials for Sodium‐ and Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…To further evaluate the valence state of these elements high‐resolution XPS spectra were also collected. As shown in Figure d, two peaks centered at binding energies of 486.2 and 494.6 eV can be assigned to Sn 3d 5/2 and Sn 3d 3/2 of Sn 4+ photoelectron emissions (Figure d) . Correspondingly, the high‐resolution spectrum of S (Figure e) could be deconvoluted into S 2p 3/2 (161.3 eV) and S 2p 1/2 (163.0 eV) of S 2‐ , which further confirmed the existence of SnS 2 .…”

“…A side peak was also observed at around 164.3 eV, corresponding to C−S−C bond. As the electron‐rich sulfur atom leads to increased regional electron density on the carbon matrix, an enhanced diffusion rate of the alkaline ions is expected . Moreover, the high‐resolution C 1s spectrum (Figure f) could be deconvoluted as C−C/C=C (283.8 eV) and C−S/C−O (285.0 eV), indicating the bonding between carbon and hetero‐doped oxygen and sulfur.…”

“…Specifically, owing on the high specific capacity and low cost, SnS 2 ‐based materials have been regarded as a promising anode material for SIBs . However, the large volume expansion accompanying the formation of Sn–Na alloy (420 % volume expansion upon formation of Na 15 Sn 4 ) and low intrinsic conductivity have hindered the application of SnS 2 anodes . Thus, to achieve better electrochemical activity, coupling of nanostructured SnS 2 with various conductive carbonaceous networks (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and pyrolytic carbon) has been attempted to accommodate the volume expansion and enhance the electric conductivity, which has proven to be effective .…”

Metallic‐State SnS2 Nanosheets with Expanded Lattice Spacing for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…There was no contributiont ot he total capacity compared with CP@SnS 2 and CP@Ni-SnS 2 .T he cycling performance of pure CP@SnS 2 and CP@Ni-SnS 2 at ac urrent density of 100 mA g À1 was investigated, as showni nF igure 3a.T he specific capacities of CP@Ni-SnS 2 electrode constantly improved with increasing doping content of Ni, until the concentrationo fN ir eached approximately 9%.A saresult, as table capacity of 666 mAh g À1 for CP@Ni9-SnS 2 was obtained after 100 cycles, which was much highert han those of CP@SnS 2 (199 mAh g À1 )a nd CP@Ni6-SnS 2 (413 mAh g À1 ). [39] Comparatively,C P@Ni9-SnS 2 had ad ischarge capacity of 1161 mAh g À1 and ac harge capacity of 795 mAh g À1 in the first cycle, corresponding to an ICE of 68.5 %, which was almostd ouble that of pure CP@SnS 2 .T oi nvestigate the effect of Ni doping on the conductivity of SnS 2 nanosheets, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curveso ft he CP@SnS 2 and CP@Ni-SnS 2 nanosheets were obtained. An excess concentration of foreign atoms leads to more instability and accumulationo ft he host materials, which seriously restricts sufficient utilization of the active materials.…”

Carbon‐Based Alloy‐Type Composite Anode Materials toward Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…More impressively, the capacity can reach 326 mAh g −1 even at 4000 mA g −1 and remains stable at ≈610 mAh g −1 without fading up to 300 cycles when back to 200 mA g −1 . So far, many SnS 2 /graphene composites had been synthesized via hydrothermal method demonstrating very good Na‐storage properties.…”