A Simple Model for the Underwater Noise Source Level of Ships

Wittekind, Dietrich

doi:10.5957/jspd.30.1.120052

Cited by 62 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The cavitation processes occurring near the tip of the rotating propellers generate underwater noise both over a broad frequency range and at a series of distinct frequencies that correspond to the propeller blade rate and its harmonics (Gray and Greeley, 1980). Relating these and other features of underwater radiated noise from a ship, often called its signature, to naval-architectural and operational (e.g., draft and speed) parameters is an ongoing research effort, e.g., Wittekind (2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Gassmann

Wiggins

Hildebrand

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Underwater radiated noise from merchant ships was measured opportunistically from multiple spatial aspects to estimate signature source levels and directionality. Transiting ships were tracked via the Automatic Identification System in a shipping lane while acoustic pressure was measured at the ships' keel and beam aspects. Port and starboard beam aspects were 15°, 30°, and 45° in compliance with ship noise measurements standards [ANSI/ASA S12.64 (2009) and ISO 17208-1 (2016)]. Additional recordings were made at a 10° starboard aspect. Source levels were derived with a spherical propagation (surface-affected) or a modified Lloyd's mirror model to account for interference from surface reflections (surface-corrected). Ship source depths were estimated from spectral differences between measurements at different beam aspects. Results were exemplified with a 4870 and a 10 036 twenty-foot equivalent unit container ship at 40%–56% and 87% of service speeds, respectively. For the larger ship, opportunistic ANSI/ISO broadband levels were 195 (surface-affected) and 209 (surface-corrected) dB re 1 μPa2 1 m. Directionality at a propeller blade rate of 8 Hz exhibited asymmetries in stern-bow (<6 dB) and port-starboard (<9 dB) direction. Previously reported broadband levels at 10° aspect from McKenna, Ross, Wiggins, and Hildebrand [(2012b). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 92–103] may be ∼12 dB lower than respective surface-affected ANSI/ISO standard derived levels.

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confidence: 99%

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Gassmann

Wiggins

Hildebrand

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…The Wittekind model (Wittekind, 2014), requiring seven input parameters: cruise speed, displacement, cavitation inception speed, block coefficient, engine mass, number of engines in use, and an engine mount parameter. 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of the standard thus usually concerns single ship measurements (Arveson and Vendittis, 2000;De Robertis et al, 2013). Several models describing URN have been proposed (Breeding et al, 1996;Wittekind, 2014;Audoly and Rizzuto, 2015;Brooker and Humphrey, 2015), using combinations of ship parameters to derive frequency dependent equivalent (omni-directional) point source representations of the noise radiating ship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Source Spectra of Ships from Long Term Recordings in the Baltic Sea

et al. 2017

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Estimates of the noise source spectra of ships based on long term measurements in the Baltic sea are presented. The measurement data were obtained by a hydrophone deployed near a major shipping lane south of the island Öland. Data from over 2,000 close-by passages were recorded during a 3 month period from October to December 2014. For each passage, ship-to-hydrophone transmission loss (TL) spectra were computed by sound propagation modeling using 1. bathymetry data from the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database (BSBD), 2. sound speed profiles from the HIROMB oceanographic model, 3. seabed parameters obtained by acoustic inversion of data from a calibrated source, and 4. AIS data providing information on each ship's position.These TL spectra were then subtracted from the received noise spectra to estimate the free field source level (SL) spectra for each passage. The SL were compared to predictions by some existing models of noise emission from ships. Input parameters to the models, including e.g., ship length, width, speed, displacement, and engine mass, were obtained from AIS (Automatic Identification System) data and the STEAM database of the Finnish Metereological Institute (FMI).

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“…Išanalizavus prieinamus matematinius algoritmus, kuriuos pritaikius galima apskaičiuoti laivų generuojamus triukšmo lygius (Scrimger, Heitmeyer 1988;Urick 1983;Wittekind 2014), bei atsižvelgiant į laivų duomenų prieinamumą interneto duomenų bazėse, buvo atrinktas tinkamiausias, Breeding ir kt. (1996) autorių sukurtas algoritmas, kuris apskaičiuoja laivų triukšmo lygius, išreiškia juos laivų ilgių bei jų greičių funkcijomis.…”

Section: Laivų Triukšmo Lygių Skaičiavimasunclassified

Underwater Noise Modeling in Lithuanian Area of the Baltic Sea

Bagočius

Narščius

2017

Science - Future of Lithuania

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2017 © Straipsnio autoriai. Leidėjas VGTU leidykla "Technika". Šis straipsnis yra atvirosios prieigos straipsnis, turintis Kūrybinių bendrijų (Creative Commons) licenciją (CC BY-NC 4.0), kuri leidžia neribotą straipsnio ar jo dalių panaudą su privaloma sąlyga nurodyti autorių ir pirminį šaltinį. Straipsnis ar jo dalys negali būti naudojami komerciniams tikslams. MOKSLAS -LIETUVOS ATEITIS SCIENCE -FUTURE OF LITHUANIA

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A Simple Model for the Underwater Noise Source Level of Ships

Cited by 62 publications

References 7 publications

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Estimates of Source Spectra of Ships from Long Term Recordings in the Baltic Sea

Underwater Noise Modeling in Lithuanian Area of the Baltic Sea

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