A simple and valid tool distinguished efficacy from effectiveness studies

Efficacy and safety of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an update of the Oregon Drug  Effectiveness Review Project

“…23 Such studies have a higher applicability of results than efficacy trials because they enroll less selected study populations, employ treatment modalities that mimic clinical practice, and assess health outcomes along with adverse events.…”

A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers

“…The primary aim of this tool is to help trialists assess the degree to which design decisions align with the trial's stated purpose (decision-making v. explanation). Our tool differs, therefore, from that of Gartlehner and associates 3 in that it is intended to inform trial design rather than provide a method of classifying trials for the purpose of systematic reviews. It can, however, also be used by research funders, ethics committees, trial registers and journal editors to make the same assessment, provided trialists declare their intended purpose and adequately report their design decisions.…”

A Pilot Test of Transformational Leadership Training for Sports Coaches: Impact on the Developmental Experiences of Adolescent Athletes

“…This is an important and marked difference from 'efficacy' studies that are undertaken in controlled conditions and are removed from the reality of coaching practice [47]. Further, the naturalistic comparison group utilised in this study afforded a sample size that is rarely achieved in research of this nature, thus providing power to the results and subsequent conclusions.…”