A Simple and Sensitive Poly‐1,5‐Diaminonaphthalene Modified Sensor for the Determination of Sulfamethoxazole in Biological Samples

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), an antibacterial sulfonamide drug, has been selectively determined using poly‐1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (p‐DAN) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified sensor was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). SMZ showed linear response in the concentration range of 0.5–150 µM by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and the detection limit was found to be 0.05 nM with sensitivity of 0.085 µA µM−1. The proposed sensor has been successfully employed to determine SMZ in the pharmaceutical tablets and human urine samples.

A Facile Method for the Non-Covalent Amine Functionalization of Carbon-Based Surfaces for Use in Biosensor Development

“…An increase in peak current is observed after DAN functionalization (Figure 1a). This synergistic effect has been observed in several studies involving pDAN films on carbon surfaces [25,32]. The mechanisms for this are still not fully understood [29] but have been attributed in literature to the high specific surface area, electrical conductivity, easier electron transfer, which can be attributed to favorable electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged redox probe and the positively charged amine groups [33], and π-π interactions between the pDAN layer and the graphene surface [32,34].…”

“…One example of a common aromatic amine compound used to this end in biosensor development is aniline, which has been used in biosensing for such applications as the electrochemical detection of human chorionic gonadotropin using graphene screen printed electrodes [ 21 ], detection of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin using graphene/polymerized aniline nanocomposites [ 22 ] and real-time detection of ammonia using graphene/polymerized aniline nanocomposite films [ 23 ]. Another example of an aromatic amine compound used in biosensor development is 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) which has been previously used for the electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol using edge plane pyrolytic graphite sensors [ 24 ] and the detection of sulfamethoxazole using glassy carbon electrodes [ 25 ]. However DAN has also been realized as a functionalization method for use in GFET or resistor based sensors, for example in the detection of Hg 2+ [ 26 ] or for hydrogen gas sensing [ 27 ].…”

AgNP‐decorated SBA‐15 for MWCNT Paste Modified Electrode: A Sensor for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol and Sulfamethoxazole

“…These values are close to the Nernst equation value (0.059 V pH −1 ), indicating that the oxidation process of the species, on the electrode surface, presents an equal number of electrons and protons. Therefore, according to the literature, the oxidation process of PC and SMZ involves two electrons and two protons [37–39].…”

Multisensory Systems Based on Nafion Membranes Modified by PEDOT for the Determination of Sulfacetamide in Aqueous Solutions and Pharmaceuticals

“…Carbon materials (graphite, diamond, soot, CNTs, acetylene, etc.) [9,10], electrically conducting polymers (polypyrrole, polyaniline, PEDOT) [11,12], as well as hybrid materials based on polymers and various nanoparticles [11,13,14] are also applied for the determination of sulfanylamides in pharmaceuticals, food products, and physiological liquids by voltammetric and amperometric sensors. Their use solves the problem of pollution and deactivation of the surface of electrodes by the products of transformations of analytes at high potentials as well as decreases the overvoltage of the electrode reaction and promotes the accumulation of the analyte on the electrode.…”