A short review on the advancements in electroplating of CuInGaSe2 thin films

Abstract

Thin-film solar cell devices based on copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) chalcogenide materials fabricated by vacuum-based deposition techniques have already achieved lab scale efficiency beyond 21%. For industrial-scale applications, non-vacuum deposition technique such as electrodeposition and screen printing is considered to be suitable approaches for reducing the device fabrication cost. Moreover, electrodeposition has the potential to prepare large area thin films as it requires cheap raw material sources and equipment capital. Hence, it is imperative to understand the current status and advancements in the electroplating techniques of the CIGSe thin films. This article reviews on the experimental advances in electroplating of ternary CuInSe 2 and quaternary CIGSe. Various approaches in electrodeposition, influential experimental parameters, and the deposition mechanisms which are related to the final cell efficiency are discussed in detail.

A New Insight of the Existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Indonesia

“…[9] apply Toda and Yamamoto procedure with period from 1971 to 2007 and they show that the EKC hypothesis may not exist to Indonesia. [10] use the cointegration and Granger causality approach with period of 1971 to 2008 and they confirm that the EKC hypothesis is not valid in Indonesia. Last, [11] investigate the EKC hypothesis with vector error correction model (VECM) over the period 1980-2006 and they conclude that the EKC hypothesis is not supported in Indonesia.…”

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition of CuInSe2 on Au Surface

“…Photovoltaic (PV) technologies received considerable interest from researchers because of their easiness, safety, portability, and fast advancements in the field. Among the PV light absorbers, the chalcopyrite materials based on CIS have attracted considerable interest because they have the unique properties of high absorption coefficient (1 × 10 5 cm −2 ), direct energy bandgap, good radiation stability, and highly adjustable bandgap from 1.04 to 1.68 eV . The recent progress led to achieve the conversion efficiency up to 22.9%, the highest among non‐silicon and single junction solar cells.…”

“…Among the PV light absorbers, the chalcopyrite materials based on CIS have attracted considerable interest because they have the unique properties of high absorption coefficient (1 × 10 5 cm −2 ), direct energy bandgap, good radiation stability, and highly adjustable bandgap from 1.04 to 1.68 eV. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The recent progress led to achieve the conversion efficiency up to 22.9%, 10 the highest among non-silicon and single junction solar cells. The possibility of making these materials over flexible substrates explore a new level of opportunities that derive the solar cells in all sort of surfaces, including wearables.…”

“…Among many techniques available to fabricate CIS absorber layers, 2,13-19 electrodeposition 6,9,20,21 may be the most efficient growth technique because of its inherent advantages including reaction simplicity, high material use yield, works in ambient conditions, and less toxic byproduct release. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] E-ALD is the electrochemical version of ALD, 22,23 which performs the electrochemical deposition of materials from the electrolyte solutions in the ambient laboratory conditions. It works under the principle of surface limited reactions based on the underpotential deposition (UPD), namely electrodeposition under or less than the Nernst potential.…”

CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 thin films’ properties grown by close-spaced vapor transport technique for second-generation solar cells

“…Until now, the polycrystalline CIGS-based thin films solar cell has reached an efficiency conversion record of about 22.6% [4]. Several methods have been adopted to grow CIGS layers, such as co-evaporation [5], RF-magnetron sputtering [6,7], electrodeposition [8], multi-layer precursor method [9], rapid thermal processing (RTP) [10]. All these techniques are mainly complex and expensive.…”