We report an e±cient and green approach for mass production of few layered graphene nanosheets (FLGNSs) by intercalation and exfoliation of pyrolytic graphite sheet in a simple protic, H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The as-prepared FLGNSs at the optimum intercalate concentration of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 is able to produce large domain of lateral dimension of 11-26 m consisting of 4-6 stacked graphene layers, as con¯rmed by¯eld emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Surface oxygenation and a characteristic absorbance peak at 228 nm are well observed for electrochemical exfoliated FLGNSs from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectra respectively. (002) planes of the obtained graphene sheets have been con¯rmed from X-ray di®raction pattern. The characteristic Raman bands have been observed at 1354 cm À1 and 1590 cm À1 in the exfoliated FLGNSs.
This review discusses briefly the important aspects of thin films. The introduction of the article is a summary of evolution of thin films from surface engineering, their deposition methods, and important issues. The fundamental aspects of electrochemical deposition with special emphasis on the effect of temperature on the phase formation have been reviewed briefly. The field of sonoelectrochemistry has been discussed in the paper . The literature regarding the effects of temperature and sonication on the structure and morphology of the deposits and nucleation mechanisms, residual stress, and mechanical properties has also been covered briefly.
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