A Short Review on Synthetic Advances toward the Synthesis of Rufinamide, an Antiepileptic Drug

Abstract

Chronic neurological disorder of the brain is the main reason for the disease epilepsy, which affects people of almost all ages. According to World Health Organization estimates, particularly in developing regions of the world nearly 80% of people suffer from different forms of epilepsy. The majority of epileptic seizures are controlled by the use of antiepileptic drugs, which are often associated with related side effects such as blurry vision, fatigue, sleepiness, and stomach upset. Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is childhood-onset epilepsy with multiple different types of seizures that impair intellectual development. To treat LGS, Novartis developed an antiepileptic drug known as rufinamide that contains a 1,2,3-triazole ring, and it is manufactured by Eisai under the brand name of Banzel or Inovelon. This review provides a brief background on LGS and summarizes the literature reports on different synthetic routes for rufinamide, which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in November 2008.

Haloacetylated Enol Ethers: a Way Out for the Regioselective Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocycles

“…Rufinamide (Figure 4) is a drug used in the treatment of epilepsy, [116] and over the last few years, several synthetic routes aiming for the synthesis of Rufinamide and its analogues have been reported [117] …”

Thiol‐Functionalized Cellulose Wrapped Copperoxide as a Green Nano Catalyst for Regiospecific Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Application in Rufinamide Synthesis

“…[29][30][31][32][33][34] CuAAC is a type of Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition based on the formation of 1,2,3-triazoles between a terminal alkyne and an azide mediated by the copper catalyst. [35] Among them, 1,4-disubstituted [20] and 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives [36] are significant, as they are found in a large number of biologically and pharmaceutically active molecules that have a broad spectrum of properties such as antibacterial, [20,[36][37][38][39] antiepileptic, [40] antioxidant, [41] antifungal, [42] anticancer agents, [43][44][45][46][47] anti-HIV, [48][49] and other effects. [50] The classical catalytic system for CuAAC reaction is Cu(II) salts along with a reducing agent (sodium ascorbate), [4,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] which in situ generate the copper(I) ions and usually show good catalytic efficiency.…”

Digitising chemical synthesis in automated and robotic flow

“…Thus, sequential, non-simultaneous reactions can be combined to perform multistep processes. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Continuous ow gives better reproducibility, smaller time scales due to efficient mixing and heat and mass transfer, variable ow rates that can accelerate reaction rates through process intensication, 7,8,15 and reconguration and reuse of reactors under different conditions. Other attributes include real-time reaction monitoring, storage of intermediates, a possible lowering of production costs and an increase in the quality of the products.…”