A shock tube investigation of the rate of soot formation for benzene, toluene, and toluene/n-heptane mixtures

Laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of aromatics at elevated temperature and pressure

“…The low temperature ($600-1100 K) reactions of aromatics have been investigated in flow reactor [3][4][5][6][7], rapid compression machine [8][9][10], and jet-stirred reactor [11][12][13] studies. Similarly, high temperature ($1200-2600 K) aromatic chemistry has been studied in low pressure laminar flame [14], shock tube [15][16][17][18][19][20], and diffusion flame studies [21][22][23][24][25]. The studies have helped to shed light on the subtle and complicated chemistry of the aromatic ring destruction as well as substituent effects on reactivity.…”

Effect of ceria nanoparticles on soot inception and growth in toluene–oxygen–argon mixtures

“…(1), I is the transmitted intensity, I 0 is the reference intensity, K k is the wavelength-dependent extinction coefficient (cm À1 ), L is the pathlength (cm) [16], N is the particle number density (particles cm À3 ), and r k is the extinction cross section per soot particle (cm 2 ). The extinction cross section r k = À6.6 Â 10 À19 , based on the complex index of refraction (n À ik), proposed by Rawlins et al [17] is adopted.…”

Conversion Characteristics of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Simulated Gaseous Atmospheres in Reducing Section of Two-Stage Entrained-Flow Coal Gasifier in Air- and O2/CO2-Blown Modes

“…A number of researchers investigated the homogeneous pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and reported that initial concentrations of the hydrocarbon strongly affected the rate of soot formation. − Simmons and Williams determined the rate of soot formation during the pyrolysis of rich mixtures of toluene and benzene and that of toluene/ n -heptane mixtures by a reflected shock technique over a temperature range of 1500–1950 K and pressures of 2.6–3.6 × 10 5 Pa, and they derived the following eq , where dC f / dt and T are the rate of soot formation (unit; kg·m –3 ·s –1 ) and temperature (K), respectively. [C 6 H 6 ] represents the initial concentrations of benzene (mol·m –3 ). d C normalf / d t = 4.7 × 10 5 .25em false[ normalC 6 normalH 6 false] 2.0 .25em exp ( − 14000 / T ) …”