A Set of Reliable Samples for the Study of Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, diagnosed according to the clinical criteria that occur in already advanced stages of PD. The definition of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of PD represents a challenge that might improve treatment and avoid complications in this disease. Therefore, we propose a set of reliable samples for the identification of altered metabolites to find potential prognostic biomarkers for early PD.MethodsThis case–control study included plasma samples of 12 patients with PD and 21 control subjects, from the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Navarra cohort, part of the EPIC-Spain study. All the case samples were provided by healthy volunteers who were followed-up for 15.9 (±4.1) years and developed PD disease later on, after the sample collection. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of samples.ResultsOut of 40 that were selected and studied due to their involvement in established cases of PD, seven significantly different metabolites between PD cases and healthy control subjects were obtained in this study (benzoic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, myo-inositol, sorbitol, and quinolinic acid). These metabolites are related to mitochondrial dysfunction, the oxidative stress, and the mechanisms of energy production.ConclusionWe propose the samples from the EPIC study as reliable and invaluable samples for the search of early biomarkers of PD. Likewise, this study might also be a starting point in the establishment of a well-founded panel of metabolites that can be used for the early detection of this disease.

Lipid profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions as a model of Parkinson’s disease

“…FFA may prevent the assembly of amyloid and tau filaments (Kruska and Reiser, 2011;Barracchia et al, 2020). FFAs, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid, have all been shown to have low concentrations in serum from PD patients in the preclinical stage (Havelund et al, 2017;Gonzalez-Riano et al, 2021), and were suggested as potential biomarkers of PD in a follow-up study (Havelund et al, 2017;Konjevod et al, 2022). Alpha-linolenic acid, classified as a polyunsaturated fatty acid, can inhibit 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in worms (Shashikumar et al, 2015).…”

Leishmania donovani Induces Multiple Dynamic Responses in the Metabolome Associated with Amastigote Differentiation and Maturation Inside the Human Macrophage

“…LC-QqQ/MS mobile phase 2 consisted of eluent A, identical to mobile phase 1, and eluent C made of ACN. The chromatographic method and the MS parameters were adapted from a method described in detail elsewhere. , Briefly, 20 μL of sample was injected into a thermostated (35 °C) Agilent RRHD Zorbax Extend C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 1.8 μm; Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with an Agilent Zorbax Fast Extend C18 guard column (2.1 × 5 mm, 1.8 μm; Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). The chromatographic separation was based on gradient elution using a binary pump at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min –1 with a mobile phase made of 0% B from time 0–2.5 min, and then % B was progressively increased until 20% B at 7.5 min, up to 45% B at 13.0 min, and up to 99% B at 20.0 min, which was held until 24.0 min.…”

A Machine-Learning-Based Method to Detect Degradation of Motor Control Stability with Implications to Diagnosis of Presymptomatic Parkinson’s Disease: A Simulation Study

“…Although there have been recent advances in identifying potential biomarkers [24], including genetic [25,26] and neuroimaging techniques [11] that help in detecting PD, these are still in the early stages, and further work is needed in this direction. Further, it has also been recognized that a variety of nonmotor symptoms associated with PD may be observed years before the onset of motor symptoms and hence may be used as markers for detecting PPD [27].…”