A Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Levodopa Detection Using Benzothiadiazole-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer-Coated Graphene Heterostructures
Abstract:Since the 1960s, levodopa (LDA) has been the standard drug for treating of Parkinson's disease. In this study, a novel benzothiadiazole-based conjugated microporous polymercoated graphene heterostructure (CMP-rGO) was synthesized and used to construct a sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor capable of detecting LDA. Under optimal experimental conditions, the intensity of the photocurrent produced by the sensor was linear from 0.005 to 40 μM, and the limit of detection of the sensor was 0.0027 μM. The sen… Show more
“…A sensitive photoelectrochemical sensor using conjugated microporous polymer-coated benzothiadiazole-based graphene heterostructures has been demonstrated to detect levodopa with the LOD of 0.0027 mM. 86 Entacapone (EN) is a peripherally acting reversible inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa to slow their biotransformation, thus increasing the duration of response to these antiparkinsonian drugs. 87 Ahmadi et al presented a graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs)-molecularly imprinted silica fluorescent chemical nano bio/chemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of EN in spiked plasma samples and some pharmaceutical formulations in a zebrafish model.…”
Graphene and GBNs offer diverse PD management modalities by targeting neurodegeneration, exerting regenerative properties and their use as carriers, biosensors, and imaging agents.
“…A sensitive photoelectrochemical sensor using conjugated microporous polymer-coated benzothiadiazole-based graphene heterostructures has been demonstrated to detect levodopa with the LOD of 0.0027 mM. 86 Entacapone (EN) is a peripherally acting reversible inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa to slow their biotransformation, thus increasing the duration of response to these antiparkinsonian drugs. 87 Ahmadi et al presented a graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs)-molecularly imprinted silica fluorescent chemical nano bio/chemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of EN in spiked plasma samples and some pharmaceutical formulations in a zebrafish model.…”
Graphene and GBNs offer diverse PD management modalities by targeting neurodegeneration, exerting regenerative properties and their use as carriers, biosensors, and imaging agents.
“…In the N 2 atmosphere, the weight loss of the sample was ∼6.7% when the temperature increased to 100 °C owing to the disappearance of guest water molecules, which is a universal phenomenon. 29,46 Upon heating to 420 °C, the sample exhibited a weight loss of 18.8%. Subsequent to this temperature threshold, the polymer framework underwent rapid decomposition until stabilizing to achieve a constant mass at 620 °C, leaving a residue of ∼16.5%.…”
Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…27 Their versatility is further exhibited in applications such as gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, supercapacitors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and energy transduction. 24,[28][29][30][31][32] Phthalocyanine (Pc) is considered as an ideal foundational unit for developing POPs owing to its remarkable attributes. Pc is nitrogen-rich, highly conjugated, planar macrocyclic compound.…”
A conductive phthalocyanine-based porous organic polymer (NiPc-CC POP) was synthesized and used as a conductive catalyst for electrochemical detection of Van with good performance.
“…Cathode photoactive materials, such as poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly(2,5-dimercaptothiadiazole-triazine), have attracted extensive attention in the construction of highly sensitive and accurate PEC detection systems, due to their capability to resist the interference of reductive substances. − However, to the best of our knowledge, most of their molecular formulas are complex and restricted to volatile organic solvents, − which are prone to generate unrepeatable photocurrent, thereby restraining their application to only serve as platforms to construct the signal-off biosensors liable to produce an intrinsic false-positive signal. − More importantly, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is expected to be further improved. Accordingly, exploring simple, readily accessible, and biocompatible photoelectric materials with high photoelectric conversion efficiency is necessary and challenging.…”
5,10,15,-21H,23H-porphine (TPAPP) possesses good light-harvesting ability and photoelectrochemical (PEC) cathode response signal; however, the disadvantages of easy stacking and weak hydrophilicity limit its application as a signal probe in PEC biosensors. Based on these, we prepared a Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ co-coordinating photoactive material (TPAPP-Fe/Cu) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-like activity. The metal ions in the porphyrin center not only enabled the directional flow of photogenerated electrons between electron-rich porphyrin and positive metal ions within inner-/intermolecular layers but also accelerated electron transfer through a synergistic redox reaction of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) as well as rapid generation of superoxide anion radicals (O 2 −• ) by mimicking catalytically produced and dissolved oxygen, thereby providing the desired cathode photoactive material with extremely high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Accordingly, by combining with toehold-mediated strand displacement (TSD)-induced single cycle and polymerization and isomerization cyclic amplification (PICA), an ultrasensitive PEC biosensor was constructed for the detection of colon cancer-related miRNA-182-5p. The ultratrace target could be converted to abundant output DNA by TSD possessing the desirable amplifying ability to trigger PICA for forming long ssDNA with repetitive sequences, thus decorating substantial TPAPP-Fe/Cu-labeled DNA signal probes for producing high PEC photocurrent. Meanwhile, the Mn(III) mesotetraphenylporphine chloride (MnPP) was embedded in dsDNA to further exhibit a sensitization effect toward TPAPP-Fe/Cu and an acceleration effect analogous to that of metal ions in the porphyrin center above. As a result, the proposed biosensor displayed a detection limit as low as 0.2 fM, facilitating the development of high-performance biosensors and showing great potential in early clinical diagnosis.
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