A sensitive electrochemical impedance immunosensor for determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green in the aqueous environment

Abstract

Application of malachite green (MG) and leucomalachite green (LMG) in fish farm water causes an environmental problem. This study proposes for the first time a sensitive and convenient electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method for determining MG and LMG by a bovine serum albumin-decorated gold nanocluster (BSA-AuNC)/antibody composite film-based immunosensor. In order to improve the analytical performance, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with 1, 4-phenylenediamine to form a stable layer, and then, BSA-AuNCs were covalently bound to the GCE. An adequate quantity of the polyclonal antibody of LMG was immobilized onto the surface of the BSA-AuNCs by the chemical reaction of EDC/NHS. The sensors can respond to the specific target based on specific covalent bonding. The experimental parameters, such as the pH, incubating concentration, and time, have been investigated and optimized. The calibration curve for LMG was linear in the range of 0.1~10.0 ng/mL with the limit of detection (LOD) 0.03 ng/mL. Furthermore, the sum of MG and LMG was detected in fish farm water by MG reduction. The recovery was between 89.7 % and 99.2 % in spiked samples. The EC sensor method was also compared with the ELISA method and validated by the LC-MS/MS method, which proves its great promise as a field instrument for the rapid monitoring of MG and LMG pollution. Graphical abstract 1, 4-Phenylenediamine and BSA-AuNC/antibody-decorated glassy carbon electrodes have been used for the impedimetric detection of the sum of malachite green and leucomalachite green via specific immuno-binding.

Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring the Water Quality

“…The film was modified by a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modification was carried out due to the potential hazards to the human immune system and the human reproductive system [ 63 ]. Moreover, the BSA-AuNCs interface’s stability was improved via a diazotization method, and the antibody against leucomalachite green was chemically connected with the interface under the optimum conditions.…”

Simultaneous Determination of Malachite Green, Chloramphenicols, Sulfonamides, and Fluoroquinolones Residues in Fish by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

“…Chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and malachite green are prohibited as aquaculture veterinary drugs in many countries including the United States, Canada, and China and in the European Union. However, these drug residues which settle in aquatic tissues can cause some adverse human health effects, such as allergic reactions and alterations in the delicate balance of intestinal flora, and they can produce resistance to antibiotics [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Malachite green and its metabolites are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic.…”

Self‐assembly of p‐Aminothiophenol on Gold Surface: Application for Impedimetric and Potentiometric Sensing of Cobalt (II) Ions – A Comparative Study

“…on gold as they possess delocalised π ‐electrons in phenyl ring which enhance electric coupling between electronic states of electrode and redox species present in the solution . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as an influential and non‐destructive technique for quantitative characterization of SAMs and investigation of interfacial, bulk properties and diffusion controlled processes at the electrode surface . EIS can serve as a useful technique for measuring change in electrical properties of SAM surface with change in concentration of analyte in solution which allows its application as a sensor for detection of respective analyte.…”