“…A retrograde well has been extensively utilized in the very large scale integrated ͑VLSI͒ circuits because of its advantages of chip size reduction, low thermal budget, process simplification, and improvements of surface topography and device performance. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Many device characteristics, such as hot carrier generation, channel mobility, punchthrough voltage, junction capacitance, latchup susceptibility, and soft error immunity can be improved and/or optimized by multiple-chain high-energy ion implantations. [8][9][10] In the deep submicrometer regime, a retrograde well with a buried layer formed by a megaelectronvolt ion implantation that replaces the use of an epi layer has been used to obtain a latchup-free condition.…”