“…Apart from the advantage of a fast response, MRF also has the characteristics of low operational power consumption since a magnetic field induced yield stress of MRF can be achieved using an electromagnet with a low voltage and modest current (Olabi and Grunwald, 2007). Thus, since first introduced in 1984 (Rabinow, 1948), MRF attracted a lot of research attention in applications such as civil engineering (Dyke et al, 1996;Tse and Chang, 2004;Housner et al, 1997;Jung et al, 2004;Christie et al, 2019), medical rehabilitation and surgery (Liu et al, 2006;Nguyen et al, 2011b;Carlson et al, 2001;Gudmundsson et al, 2010), and automotive design (Sun et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2016;Tang et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2015;Neelakantan and Washington, 2005;Sassi et al, 2005).…”