A screening procedure for estimating premorbid intelligence in the elderly

Ryan, Joseph J.; Paolo, Anthony M.

doi:10.1080/13854049208404117

Cited by 101 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…To be included in the study, participants had to be in one of three age groups (18-28 years old (young subjects), 45-55 years old (middle-age subjects), or 65-85 years old (old subjects)), English-speaking, and have ≥ 12 years of education, a Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) (Folstein et al, 1975) score ≥ 26, and an estimated IQ on the American Modification of the National Adult Reading Test (AMNART) (Ryan and Paolo, 1992) ≥ 100. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of CNS diseases or major psychiatric disorders based on DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), a history of clinically significant medical diseases, corrected visual acuity worse than 20-40, a history of clinically significant audiological disease, a Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al, 1981) score of ≥ 10 for the old subjects or a Beck Depression Inventory (Beck and Steer, 1987) score of ≥ 10 for middle-age or young subjects, or focal abnormalities on neurological examination consistent with a lesion in the CNS.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

et al. 2008

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Most cognitive neuroscientific research exploring the nature of age-associated compensatory mechanisms has compared old adults (high vs. average performers) to young adults (not split by performance), leaving ambiguous whether findings are truly age-related or reflect differences between high and average performers throughout the lifespan. Here, we examined differences in neural activity (as measured by ERPs) that were generated by high vs. average performing old, middle-age, and young adults while processing novel and target events to investigate the following three questions: 1) Are differences between cognitively high and average performing subjects in the allocation of processing resources (as indexed by P3 amplitude) specific to old subjects, or found throughout the adult lifespan? 2) Are differences between cognitively high and average performing subjects in speed of processing (as indexed by target P3 latency) of similar magnitude throughout the adult lifespan? 3) Where along the information processing stream does the compensatory neural activity attributed to cognitively high performing old subjects begin to take place? Our results suggest that high performing old adults successfully manage the task by a compensatory neural mechanism associated with the modulation of controlled processing and the allocation of more resources, whereas high performing younger subjects execute the task more efficiently with fewer resources. Differences between cognitively high and average performers in processing speed increase with age. Middle-age seems to be a critical stage in which substantial differences in neural activity between high and average performers emerge. These findings provide strong evidence for different patterns of agerelated changes in the processing of salient environmental stimuli, with cognitive status serving as a key mediating variable.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

et al. 2008

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“…To be included in the study, participants had to be in one of three age groups, 18-28 years old (young subjects), 45-55 years old (middle-aged subjects), or 65-85 years old (old subjects), English-speaking, have ≥ 12 years of education, a Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975)≥ 26, and an estimated IQ on the American Modification of the National Adult Reading Test (AMNART) (Ryan & Paolo, 1992)≥ 100. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of CNS diseases or major psychiatric disorders based on DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), a history of clinically significant medical diseases, corrected visual acuity worse than 20-40, a history of clinically significant audiological disease, a Geriatric Depression Scale score (Yesavage, Rose, & Lapp, 1981) of ≥ 10 for the old subjects or a Beck Depression Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1987) score of ≥ 10 for middle-aged or young subjects, or focal abnormalities on neurological examination consistent with a lesion in the CNS.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive status impacts age-related changes in attention to novel and target events in normal adults.

et al. 2007

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This study investigated the relationship between the cognitive status of normal adults and agerelated changes in attention to novel and target events. Old, middle-aged, and young subjects, divided into cognitively high and cognitively average performing groups, viewed repetitive standard stimuli, infrequent target stimuli, and unique novel visual stimuli. Subjects controlled viewing duration by a button press that led to the onset of the next stimulus. They also responded to targets by pressing a foot pedal. The amount of time spent looking at different kinds of stimuli served as a measure of visual attention and exploratory activity. Cognitively high performers spent more time viewing novel stimuli than cognitively average performers. The magnitude of the difference between cognitively high and cognitively average performing groups was largest

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“…No subjects reported any history of learning disabilities or concurrent medical illness. With the effort to match on the aforementioned variables, the groups did differ in educational level (t [22] = 0.998, P = 0.002, withdrawal subjects average 13.1 years, controls 16.4 years). Of the withdrawal subjects, nine were white, two African American, and one multiracial.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other withdrawal symptoms reported by at least 25% of the subjects included paranoia, mood swings, tremor, and diaphoresis. Twelve healthy control subjects were matched for age (t [22] = 0.66, P = 0.49, withdrawal subjects average 36.5 ± 9.1 years, controls 33.1 ± 12.0 years), gender (six males and six females for both groups), history of at least occasional alcohol use (seven withdrawal subjects, eight controls), and Verbal IQ (t[22] = 1.724, P = 0.099, withdrawal subjects average 105.9, controls 110.4), as estimated by the North American Adult Reading Test (NAART) to provide an estimate of the subject's premorbid verbal functioning (Verbal IQ). 21,22 Control subjects were recruited from the community, primarily from the campus and medical center, and had no history of illegal drug use or chemical dependence.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Impairment in Acute Cocaine Withdrawal

Kelley¹,

Yeager²,

Pepper³

et al. 2005

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology

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Objective-To perform a pilot study to examine a range of cognitive flexibility tasks early in cocaine withdrawal.Background-Previous neuropsychological investigations of cocaine withdrawal have conflicted regarding whether impaired cognitive flexibility occurs. However, most studies have examined patients later in withdrawal. Anxiety and yohimbine-induced panic are greatest early in withdrawal, and both anxiety and increased noradrenergic tone can impair cognitive flexibility.

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A screening procedure for estimating premorbid intelligence in the elderly

Cited by 101 publications

References 14 publications

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

Cognitive status impacts age-related changes in attention to novel and target events in normal adults.

Cognitive Impairment in Acute Cocaine Withdrawal

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