Abstract:In this research, nanometer size aggregates (clusters) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) quantum dot clusters (QDs) have been successfully prepared via a convenient hydrolysis method at a low temperature (80 °C).
“…Among a wide variety of metal oxides, TiO 2 is a promising material for many emerging applications, such as gas sensors [1,2], dye-sensitized solar cells [3,4], photocatalysis [5] and gate insulators in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors [6]. The characteristics of TiO 2 thin films prepared by sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition or sputtering have been extensively studied [7][8][9][10].…”
In this study, spatial atomic layer deposition (sALD) is employed to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films by using titanium tetraisopropoxide and water as metal and water precursors, respectively. The post-annealing temperature is varied to investigate its effect on the properties of the TiO2 films. The experimental results show that the sALD TiO2 has a similar deposition rate per cycle to other ALD processes using oxygen plasma or ozone oxidant, implying that the growth is limited by titanium tetraisopropoxide steric hindrance. The structure of the as-deposited sALD TiO2 films is amorphous and changes to polycrystalline anatase at the annealing temperature of 450 °C. All the sALD TiO2 films have a low absorption coefficient at the level of 10−3 cm−1 at wavelengths greater than 500 nm. The annealing temperatures of 550 °C are expected to have a high compactness, evaluated by the refractive index and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer measurements. Finally, the 550 °C-annealed sALD TiO2 film with a thickness of ~8 nm is applied to perovskite solar cells as a compact electron transport layer. The significantly enhanced open-circuit voltage and conversion efficiency demonstrate the great potential of the sALD TiO2 compact layer in perovskite solar cell applications.
“…Among a wide variety of metal oxides, TiO 2 is a promising material for many emerging applications, such as gas sensors [1,2], dye-sensitized solar cells [3,4], photocatalysis [5] and gate insulators in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors [6]. The characteristics of TiO 2 thin films prepared by sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition or sputtering have been extensively studied [7][8][9][10].…”
In this study, spatial atomic layer deposition (sALD) is employed to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films by using titanium tetraisopropoxide and water as metal and water precursors, respectively. The post-annealing temperature is varied to investigate its effect on the properties of the TiO2 films. The experimental results show that the sALD TiO2 has a similar deposition rate per cycle to other ALD processes using oxygen plasma or ozone oxidant, implying that the growth is limited by titanium tetraisopropoxide steric hindrance. The structure of the as-deposited sALD TiO2 films is amorphous and changes to polycrystalline anatase at the annealing temperature of 450 °C. All the sALD TiO2 films have a low absorption coefficient at the level of 10−3 cm−1 at wavelengths greater than 500 nm. The annealing temperatures of 550 °C are expected to have a high compactness, evaluated by the refractive index and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer measurements. Finally, the 550 °C-annealed sALD TiO2 film with a thickness of ~8 nm is applied to perovskite solar cells as a compact electron transport layer. The significantly enhanced open-circuit voltage and conversion efficiency demonstrate the great potential of the sALD TiO2 compact layer in perovskite solar cell applications.
“…In the above sections, we have described the effect of Ag decoration on the gas response of resistive-based gas sensors. Table 1 [48][49][50][51][52]54,60,65,66,69,70,72,74,76,77,80,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] shows the gas-sensing performances of Ag-loaded SMO-based sensors for various toxic gases. In addition, other researchers [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] have reported enhanced gas sensing after Ag decoration.…”
Section: Summary Of Ag-decorated Gas Sensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 1 [48][49][50][51][52]54,60,65,66,69,70,72,74,76,77,80,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] shows the gas-sensing performances of Ag-loaded SMO-based sensors for various toxic gases. In addition, other researchers [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] have reported enhanced gas sensing after Ag decoration. Depending on the type of SMO and the synergistic effects between Ag and SMO, the sensing temperature can vary from room temperature to high temperatures.…”
Section: Summary Of Ag-decorated Gas Sensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 2 presents the sensing properties of Ag-doped SMO-based gas-sensing devices [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107]. Different gases at various temperatures can be detected by doping Ag into the pristine sensing device, which suggests the promising role of Ag as a noble metal dopant in the detection of toxic gases.…”
Nanostructured semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) are among the most popular sensing materials for integration into resistive-type gas sensors owing to their low costs and high sensing performances. SMOs can be decorated or doped with noble metals to further enhance their gas sensing properties. Ag is one of the cheapest noble metals, and it is extensively used in the decoration or doping of SMOs to boost the overall gas-sensing performances of SMOs. In this review, we discussed the impact of Ag addition on the gas-sensing properties of nanostructured resistive-based gas sensors. Ag-decorated or -doped SMOs often exhibit better responsivities/selectivities at low sensing temperatures and shorter response times than those of their pristine counterparts. Herein, the focus was on the detection mechanism of SMO-based gas sensors in the presence of Ag. This review can provide insights for research on SMO-based gas sensors.
“…Wang et al [14] have studied WO 3 nanofibers for ammonia gas detection at an operating temperature of 623 K. Wu et al [15] reported an ammonia sensor based on graphene/PANI nanocomposite with a response of about 11 for 100 ppm. Liu et al [16] have studied the Ag-decorated Titanium oxide quantum dot clusters for ammonia detection at room temperature. Recently Wang et al [17] have investigated the gas sensing performance of closely packed WO 3 microspheres for ammonia detection with a response of 3.2 towards 100 ppm ammonia.…”
In this article, monoclinic tungsten tri-oxide (m-WO 3) nanoparticles (hereafter NPs) were prepared by facile precipitation method and they were successfully examined as gas sensing materials for monitoring gaseous ammonia at room temperature have been reported. The effect of calcination temperature on structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples were also investigated. Physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-Vis and PL analysis. XRD studies confirmed the monoclinic structure of the prepared NPs. Optical studies disclosed that the obtained samples were having wider optical band gaps ranging from 2.48 to 2.76 eV. Sensing signatures such as selectivity, transient response along with performance indicators like repeatability and stability have also been investigated. Invitingly, the sample calcined at 823 K exhibited highly improved sensing response of 142 towards 200 ppm of ammonia with rapid response/recovery time of 26 / 79 s.
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