A Rolling Two-Stage QGS-Based Method for Transmission System Restoration

Optimal Application of Mobile Substation Resources for Transmission System Restoration Under Flood Events

“…Optimization models for operational transmission resilience may be deterministic [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] or stochastic [39,40]. The TRP-MSR is a stochastic program.…”

“…The power-flow model most frequently employed at the transmission level is DC power flow [28,29,31,35,36,[38][39][40][41]52], which only considers real power. Alternatively, a nonlinear optimization model [32,33,36] may incorporate exact expressions for complex, AC power flow. A more practical representation to account for complex power is the LPAC model, which was introduced in [53], has been gaining traction for inclusion in transmission-resilience models [30,34], and is adopted in the TRP-MSR.…”

“…A search for literature on optimal transmission-system restoration uncovers not only works accounting for the repair of damaged network components but also works on blackstart (BS) restoration. Most works on black-start restoration [32,33,[36][37][38] concern the re-energization of a transmission network following a complete blackout, but [38] is one of apparently few that also suppose components were damaged in the blackout event. On the contrary, since the TRP-MSR considers post-flood restoration over an extended, multi-day horizon, it is not a model suited for incorporating BS restoration but does involve repairs of flood-damaged substations.…”

“…Often, operational-resilience models that are multi-interval are deterministic [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]52]. When two-stage stochastic programs are multi-interval, they are sometimes multi-interval only in the second stage, as is the case for the TRP-MSR and exemplified by the model of [48] for distribution resilience.…”

“…Optimization models for operational transmission resilience can be single-objective or multi-objective. In the case of a single objective, the objective may be to minimize the (weighted) load shed [29,30,33,37,38,40], maximize the (weighted) picked-up discrete loads [28,32,36], or minimize a sum of multiple kinds of costs [31,35,39,41,47] as in the TRP-MSR. Multi-objective models have the multiple, incompatible objectives scaled by different multipliers and then summed together.…”