A robust ultrathin, transparent gold electrode tailored for hole injection into organic light-emitting diodes

Hatton, Ross A.; Willis, M. R.; Chesters, M.A.; Briggs, D.

doi:10.1039/b211775b

Cited by 63 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Briggs and coworkers demonstrated that depositing gold (7 nm) over pre-treated (3-mercaptopropyl(methyl)dimethoxysilane) substrate led to less surface roughness. Besides improving adhesion, it provides better average transmittance (75%) and low sheet resistance of 20 V/sq [33]. Such thin metal films possess great advantage of being compatible with flexible devices as metals by nature are malleable and ductile.…”

Section: Ultra Thin Metal Films (Utmf)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Towards low cost materials and methods for transparent electrodes

Kulkarni

Kiruthika

Gupta

et al. 2015

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Ultra Thin Metal Films (Utmf)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Towards low cost materials and methods for transparent electrodes

Kulkarni

Kiruthika

Gupta

et al. 2015

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…One way to circumvent this issue is to derivatize the substrate with a layer of molecules designed to enhance metal nucleation by interacting strongly with both the substrate and the incoming metal atoms (i.e., a molecular adhesive), thereby suppressing surface diffusion and promoting the growth of continuous metal fi lms at low thickness. [34][35][36][37] Thiol functionalized silanes have previously been investigated for this purpose, since thiols have a strong affi nity for Au and Ag, whilst organosilanes couple with native hydroxyl groups on a variety of substrate materials [34][35][36] to form strong siloxane bonds. Hatton et al [ 37 ] have previously reported the viability of this approach for Au fi lms on glass using a thiol functionalized molecular adhesive layer and have demonstrated application in organic light-emitting diodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[34][35][36][37] Thiol functionalized silanes have previously been investigated for this purpose, since thiols have a strong affi nity for Au and Ag, whilst organosilanes couple with native hydroxyl groups on a variety of substrate materials [34][35][36] to form strong siloxane bonds. Hatton et al [ 37 ] have previously reported the viability of this approach for Au fi lms on glass using a thiol functionalized molecular adhesive layer and have demonstrated application in organic light-emitting diodes. However, the method reported is not amenable to scale-up because of the requirement to use large amounts of solvent and the potential for methoxysilanes to polymerize when deposited from a dilute solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin Transparent Au Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated Using a Mixed Mono‐Molecular Nucleation Layer

Stec

Williams

Jones

et al. 2011

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

111

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A rapid, solvent free method for the fabrication of highly transparent ultrathin (∼8 nm) Au films on glass has been developed. This is achieved by derivatizing the glass surface with a mixed monolayer of 3‐mercaptopropyl(trimethoxysilane) and 3‐aminopropyl(trimethoxysilane) via co‐deposition from the vapor phase, prior to Au deposition by thermal evaporation. The mixed monolayer modifies the growth kinetics, producing highly conductive films (∼11 Ω per square) with a remarkably low root‐mean‐square roughness (∼0.4 nm) that are exceptionally robust towards UV/O3 treatment and ultrasonic agitation in a range of common solvents. As such, they are potentially widely applicable for a variety of large area applications, particularly where stable, chemically well‐defined, ultrasmooth substrate electrodes are required, such as in organic optoelectronics and the emerging fields of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. By integrating microsphere lithography into the fabrication process, we also demonstrate a means of tuning the transparency by incorporating a random array of circular apertures into the film. The application of these nanostructured Au electrodes is demonstrated in efficient organic photovoltaic devices where it offers a compelling alternative to indium tin oxide coated glass.

show abstract

“…[13] Later, Hatton et al [14] reported optical transmission measurements on ultra-thin gold films deposited on silanized glass, but did not compare the results to a detailed structural analysis or theoretically expected transmission spectra. The method of surface activation with mercapto-silane is easier and less costly than some other fabrication procedures reported recently [15,16] and does not compromise the optical quality of ultra-thin films, as is the case when metallic adhesion/seeding layers (typically Ti, Cr, Ge or Ni) are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical and Structural Properties of Ultra‐thin Gold Films

Kossoy

Merk

Simakov

et al. 2014

Advanced Optical Materials

128

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Realizing laterally continuous ultra-thin gold films on transparent substrates is a challenge of significant technological importance. In the present work, formation of ultra-thin gold films on fused silica is studied, demonstrating how suppression of island formation and reduction of plasmonic absorption can be achieved by treating substrates with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane prior to deposition. Void-free films with deposition thickness as low as 5.4 nm were realized and remained structurally stable at room temperature. Based on detailed structural analysis of the films by specular and diffuse X-ray reflectivity measurements, it is shown that optical transmission properties of continuous ultra-thin films can be accounted for 2 using the bulk dielectric function of gold. However, it is important to take into account the non-abrupt transition zone between the metal and the surrounding dielectrics, which extends through several lattice constants for the laterally continuous ultra-thin films (film thickness below 10 nm). This results in a significant reduction of optical transmission, as compared to the case of abrupt interfaces. These findings imply that the atomic-scale interface structure plays an important role when continuous ultra-thin films are considered, e.g., as semitransparent electrical contacts, since optical transmission deviates significantly from the theoretical predictions for ideal films.

show abstract

A robust ultrathin, transparent gold electrode tailored for hole injection into organic light-emitting diodes

Cited by 63 publications

References 28 publications

Towards low cost materials and methods for transparent electrodes

Towards low cost materials and methods for transparent electrodes

Ultrathin Transparent Au Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated Using a Mixed Mono‐Molecular Nucleation Layer

Optical and Structural Properties of Ultra‐thin Gold Films

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About