A Revolutionary Blueprint for Mitigation of Hypertension via Nanoemulsion

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and economic burden on the whole world. The incidence and prevalence of hypertension are rising even among young people in both urban as well as rural communities. Although various conventional therapeutic moieties are available for the management of hypertension, they have serious flaws such as hepatic metabolism, reduced dose frequency, poor aqueous solubility, reduced bioavailability, and increased adverse effects, making the drug therapy ineffective. Therefore, it is required to design a novel drug delivery system having the capability to solve the constraints associated with conventional treatment of hypertension. Nanotechnology is a new way of using and manipulating the matter at the molecular level, whose functional organization is measured in nanometers. The applications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine provide an alternative and novel direction for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and show excellent performance in the field of targeted drug therapy. Various nanotechnologies based drug delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspension, nanoemulsion, liposome, self-emulsifying systems, and polymeric nanoparticles, are available. Among them, nanoemulsion has provided a niche to supplement currently available therapeutic choices due to numerous benefits like stability, ease of preparation, enhanced drug absorption, reduced hepatic metabolism, increased dose frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and encapsulation of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs. This present review provides an in-depth idea about progression in treatment of hypertension, constraints for antihypertensive drug therapy, need of nanoemulsions to overcome these constraints, comparative analysis of nanoemulsions over other nanostructure drug delivery systems, pharmacodynamics studies of nanoemulsions for treatment of hypertension, recent patents for drug-loaded nanoemulsions meant for hypertension, and marketed formulations of nanoemulsions for hypertension.

Nanocarriers in Tuberculosis Treatment: Challenges and Delivery Strategies

“…A nano-emulsion loaded with anti-TB medicines can quickly overcome biological barriers to enter systemic circulation and, as a result, achieve the target for lowering the load of M. tuberculosis. Additionally, the lipidic composition of such systems makes it easier to target the medications to the lymph nodes, improving drug absorption and reducing the frequency of administration [12,81]. In addition, based on the possession of special characteristics such as physical stability, increased surface area, prolonged circulation time, amphiphilicity, specific drug targeting, tumor imaging properties, optical clarity, biodegradability, improved aqueous solubility, and bioavailability, researchers' focus has shifted to nano-emulsions [82,83].…”

“…Poor bioavailability due to variable drug absorption and unwanted first-pass metabolism, lengthy regimens with high dosing frequencies, and individual and combined drug toxicity as well as severe adverse effects are some of the issues related to the therapeutic limitations of the current anti-TB regimens. These challenges contribute to low patient adherence, therapeutic failure, and the alarming emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, all of which explain TB's current lethal state and the pressing need to advance anti-TB treatment [11,12].…”

Microneedles and Their Application in Transdermal Delivery of Antihypertensive Drugs—A Review

“…For antihypertensive drugs to exhibit higher drug absorption, both their solubility and permeability must be higher. In the case of antihypertensive drugs, higher permeability is desirable as it allows for efficient absorption and distribution throughout the body to exert their therapeutic effect [ 22 ]. Recently, numerous cutting-edge research studies on microneedles reported that they could significantly increase transdermal drug delivery across the human skin safely [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Amomum subulatum Fruit Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities

“…To deal with these issues related to microbial treatment and cancer, nanoparticles have gained attention owing to their nano size, a higher ratio of surface area to surface volume, chemical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties, safety, improved stability, and costeffectiveness [7,8]. Nanoparticles based on metal or metal oxide, such as silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, etc., have promising outcomes for various biomedical applications due to the possession of multifunctional theranostic facilities [9,10].…”