A revised inventory of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Finkelhor, David; Shattuck, Anne M.; Turner, Heather A.; Hamby, Sherry

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.011

Cited by 463 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In adjusted models among all respondents, only having parents who were separated or divorced was not associated with cancer, which is consistent with arguments made that this specific ACE item may have become more normative over time, and thus less deleterious (Finkelhor, et al, 2015). Furthermore, because divorce may, in some cases, result in removing a child from contexts in which other ACEs occur, it is not surprising that this item was not associated with cancer.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…For example, as previously noted, sexual abuse is associated with increased risk of infections that are associated with cancer, suggesting that some adversities have biological pathways linking to disease that are likely irrelevant for other adversities. Also, as others have argued, some ACEs, like parental divorce or separation, are becoming more normative over time (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner, & Hamby, 2015). Consequently, not all ACEs may be equally deleterious.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Gender Differences in the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cancer

Alcalá

Tomiyama

Ehrenstein

2017

Women's Health Issues

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Objectives Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to a variety of diseases in adulthood, including cancer. However, current research has yet to determine if all abuse types are associated with cancer and if women are more adversely impacted by ACEs than men. Methods Data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a national survey of American adults 18 and over (N=111,964) were analyzed. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate odds of ever being diagnosed with cancer after experiencing one or more of eight different ACEs, while adjusting for potential confounders. These analyses were then stratified by gender. Results Among women, childhood experiences of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, living with someone who was mentally ill, living with a problem drinker, living with a drug user, and living in a household where adults treated each other violently were associated with higher odds of cancer. Among men, only emotional abuse was associated with higher odds of cancer. Conclusions Results suggest that most ACEs increase risk of cancer later in life. However, this impact appears mostly among women. This may be because women experience many ACEs at higher rates than men and because women, via sexual abuse, can be exposed to cancer causing viruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Gender Differences in the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cancer

Alcalá

Tomiyama

Ehrenstein

2017

Women's Health Issues

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“…First, because the data are cross-sectional, directionality of relationships cannot be ascertained and recall bias cannot be ruled out. Second, while the ACE scale includes a variety of experiences, it does not include items assessing peer victimization, peer isolation or rejection, community violence and low childhood socioeconomic status, which may also impact health and have been suggested for inclusion in an expanded ACE scale [20]. Third, this study is not representative of the entire United States.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach limits the ability to disentangle associations between specific types of adversities and tobacco use. Also, as argued by Finkhor and colleagues (2015), some adversities, like parental divorce or separation, have become more common in the United States and less potentially damaging over time [20]. Overall, research would benefit by examining ACEs as distinct events because it would help understand whether any or specific types of childhood experiences are important in shaping tobacco use behavior, which would then inform intervention efforts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Use of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products

2016

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to increase use of tobacco products. However, studies have ignored smokeless tobacco products. To address this, data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which interviewed adults 18 and over (N=102,716) were analyzed. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate odds of ever smoking, current smoking and current smokeless tobacco use from ACEs. Results showed that Less than 4% of respondents currently used smokeless tobacco products, while 44.95% and 18.57% reported ever and current smoking. Physical abuse (OR=1.40; 95% CI=1.14,1.72), emotional abuse (OR=1.41; 95% CI=1.19,1.67), sexual abuse (OR=0.70; 95% CI=0.51,0.95), living with a drug user (OR=1.50; 95% CI=1.17,1.93), living with someone who was jailed (OR=1.50; 95% CI=1.11,2.02) and having parents who were separated or divorced (OR=1.31; 95% CI=1.09,1.57) were associated with smokeless tobacco use in bivariate models. After accounting for confounders, physical abuse (OR=1.43; 95% CI=1.16,1.78), emotional abuse (OR=1.32; 95% CI=1.10,1.57), living with a problem drinker (OR=1.30; 95% CI=1.08,1.58), living with a drug user (OR=1.31; 95% CI=1.00,1.72) and living with adults who treated each other violently (OR=1.30; 95% CI=1.05,1.62) were associated with smokeless tobacco use. Living with someone who was mentally ill (OR=0.70; 95% CI=0.53,0.92) was associated with smokeless tobacco use after accounting for confounders and all ACEs. Results indicated that some childhood adversities are linked to increased use of smokeless tobacco products, suggesting specificity in the association between childhood adversity and smokeless tobacco use. Special attention is needed to prevent tobacco use among those experiencing ACEs.

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“…Between 12%–26% of youth under 18 have experienced WRVE in their lifetimes (1, 2); 6%–8% of adolescents ages 14–17 report WRVE in the past year (3). Rates among young adults are also high; 12% of adults aged 18–27 have been exposed to past-year community violence, including weapon-related violent events such as seeing someone stabbed or shot, being threatened with a knife or gun, and being stabbed or shot themselves (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Varying Links Between Violence Exposure and Behavioral, Mental, and Physical Health

Russell

Vasilenko

Lanza

2016

Journal of Adolescent Health

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Purpose To examine age-varying prevalence rates and health implications of weapon-related violence exposure from adolescence to young adulthood (ages 14–30) using time-varying effect modeling (TVEM). Methods Data were from the Add Health study, a longitudinal study of adolescents in the United States (N = 5,103) followed into young adulthood across 4 assessment waves from age 14–30. Results Weapon-related violence exposure (WRVE) rates varied with age, peaking during mid-to-late adolescence (ages 16–18). Rates were higher for males (versus females) and African-American youth (versus White) across nearly all ages. Rates were higher for Hispanic youth (versus White) during adolescence. WRVE was positively associated with frequent heavy episodic drinking (HED) and negatively associated with self-reported general health; these associations were significant during adolescence and early adulthood (ages 15–24). WRVE was positively associated with depressive symptoms. This association remained stable over age and was stronger for females from ages 16–21. The association between violence exposure and decreased general physical health was stronger for White versus African-American youth from ages 15–17, with no significant association observed for African-American youth at any age. Conclusions Despite its severity, WRVE is prevalent among US youth during adolescence and young adulthood, particularly among males and African-Americans during mid-to-late adolescence. The associations between WRVE and health were stronger during adolescence and differed by sex and race/ethnicity. This information may assist in the timing and targeting of intervention efforts aimed at interrupting the effects of violence exposure on youth behavioral, mental, and physical health.

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A revised inventory of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Cited by 463 publications

References 25 publications

Gender Differences in the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cancer

Gender Differences in the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cancer

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Use of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products

Age-Varying Links Between Violence Exposure and Behavioral, Mental, and Physical Health

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