A Review Paper on Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst: Types of Preparation, Modification Techniques, Factors Affecting the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in the Wastewater Treatment
Abstract:This comprehensive review focuses on the different factors, modification in the synthesis method, characterization and application of heterogeneous catalyst in the wastewater treatment based on the Fenton process. The present review highlights the different catalyst preparation methods like wet impregnation method, hydrothermal method, sol-gel method, precipitation method and their application to treat different recalcitrant organic chemicals. Major heterogeneous catalyst synthesis methods were discussed with … Show more
“…In our work, we were able to obtain hollow metallic capsules based on Ga with Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, and Sn (designated for the sake of brevity as Ga–Me, respectively) as well as trimetallic Ga–Cu–Ni capsules. Distinctive attention was paid to copper-containing capsules, as copper is a well-known antimicrobial agent and is used for catalysis. , …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Distinctive attention was paid to coppercontaining capsules, as copper is a well-known antimicrobial agent and is used for catalysis. 33,34 To examine the obtained capsules, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) alongside energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental composition recognition was used (Figure 2). SEM images of the initial gallium particles are presented in Figure 2a.…”
Hollow metallic capsules are of great interest given the large specific surface area and optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. To expand the possibilities of application and research of inorganic nano-and microparticles, new methodologies are being developed for obtaining metallic or multimetallic particles. For the first time, we propose a galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) with liquid gallium hydrocolloid to obtain a library of biand trimetallic functional capsules. The properties of the capsules are determined by the synthesis conditions, salt precursor, and stabilizer, providing control over the surface morphology and metal distribution. Furthermore, the resulting metallic capsules were tested for various functional properties, e.g., antimicrobial activity, and tailored for drug delivery systems. A wide variety of functional materials can be generated due to the ability to synthesize multimetallic capsules and incorporating a broad range of dopants.
“…In our work, we were able to obtain hollow metallic capsules based on Ga with Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, and Sn (designated for the sake of brevity as Ga–Me, respectively) as well as trimetallic Ga–Cu–Ni capsules. Distinctive attention was paid to copper-containing capsules, as copper is a well-known antimicrobial agent and is used for catalysis. , …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Distinctive attention was paid to coppercontaining capsules, as copper is a well-known antimicrobial agent and is used for catalysis. 33,34 To examine the obtained capsules, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) alongside energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental composition recognition was used (Figure 2). SEM images of the initial gallium particles are presented in Figure 2a.…”
Hollow metallic capsules are of great interest given the large specific surface area and optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. To expand the possibilities of application and research of inorganic nano-and microparticles, new methodologies are being developed for obtaining metallic or multimetallic particles. For the first time, we propose a galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) with liquid gallium hydrocolloid to obtain a library of biand trimetallic functional capsules. The properties of the capsules are determined by the synthesis conditions, salt precursor, and stabilizer, providing control over the surface morphology and metal distribution. Furthermore, the resulting metallic capsules were tested for various functional properties, e.g., antimicrobial activity, and tailored for drug delivery systems. A wide variety of functional materials can be generated due to the ability to synthesize multimetallic capsules and incorporating a broad range of dopants.
“…78 MOFs can also be prepared via a straightforward coprecipitation method where the reactants are mixed until precipitates are formed without involving external energy sources. 79 Co-precipitation provides a uniform distribution of components. ZIF-67 is a prime example of a MOF prepared via the co-precipitation method.…”
Section: Fundamental and Principles Of Metal−organic Frameworkmentioning
Introducing new materials with low cost and superior
solar harvesting
efficiency requires urgent attention to solve energy and environmental
challenges. Titanium carbide (Ti3C2T
x
) MXene, a 2D layered material, is a promising solution
to solve the issues of existing materials due to their promising conductivity
with low cost to function as a cocatalyst/support. On the other hand,
metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging materials due
to their high surface area and semiconducting characteristics. Therefore,
coupling them would be promising to form composites with higher solar
harvesting efficiency. Thus, the main objective of this work to disclose
recent development in Ti3C2T
x
-based MOF nanocomposites for energy conversion applications
to produce renewable fuels. MOFs can generate photoinduced electron/hole
pairs, followed by transfer of electrons to MXenes through Schottky
junctions for photoredox reactions. Currently, the principles, fundamentals,
and mechanism of photocatalytic systems with construction of Schottky
junctions are critically discussed. Then the basics of MOFs are discussed
thoroughly in terms of their physical properties, morphologies, optical
properties, and derivatives. The synthesis of Ti3C2T
x
MXenes and their composites
with the formation of surface functionals is systematically illustrated.
Next, critical discussions are conducted on design considerations
and strategies to engineer the morphology of Ti3C2T
x
MXenes and MOFs. The interfacial/heterojunction
modification strategies of Ti3C2T
x
MXenes and MOFs are then deeply discussed to understand
the roles of both materials. Following that, the applications of MXene-mediated
MOF nanotextures in view of CO2 reduction and water splitting
for solar fuel production are critically analyzed. Finally, the challenges
and a perspective toward the future research of MXene-based MOF composites
are disclosed.
“…Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) show high efficiency in treating various persistent organic compounds due to the in situ generation of nonselective, highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are among the most powerful oxidizing agents. A wide range of organic compounds react with hydroxyl radicals and are converted into small organic molecules, usually CO 2 and H 2 O [6][7][8].…”
Advanced oxidation processes are the main way to remove persistent organic trace compounds from water. For these processes, heterogeneous Fenton catalysts with low iron leaching and high catalytic activity are required. Here, the preparation of such catalysts consisting of silica-supported iron oxide (Fe2O3/SiOx) embedded in thermoplastic polymers is presented. The iron oxide catalysts are prepared by a facile sol–gel procedure followed by thermal annealing (calcination). These materials are mixed in a melt compounding process with modified polypropylenes to stabilize the Fe2O3 catalytic centers and to further reduce the iron leaching. The catalytic activity of the composites is analyzed by means of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) assay, as well as by the conversion of phenol which is used as an example of an organic trace compound. It is demonstrated that embedding of silica-supported iron oxide in modified polypropylene turns the reaction order from pseudo-first order (found for Fe2O3/SiOx catalysts), which represents a mainly homogeneous Fenton reaction, to pseudo-zeroth order in the polymer composites, indicating a mainly heterogeneous, surface-diffusion-controlled process.
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