We report on a new, extremely fast, very simple and versatile method to produce polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled/living radical polymerization.

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The mono-and bis(aryl)platinum(II) complexes [PtX(C6H3{CH2NMe2)z-2,6)] (X = halide) and z-2,6)] (R = phenyl, 4-tolyl) react with Clz and Brz or CuClz to yield the mono-and bis(aryl)platinum(IV) products [PtX3(C6H3{CH2NMez)z-2,6)] (2) and [PtRXz(C6H3~CHzNMez)z-2,6)] (5), respectively. The structural features of two representative compounds of 2 and 5 were studied by X-ray crystal structure determinations of 2a (X = C1) and of 5d (R = 4-tolyl, X = I). Crystals of 2a are monoclinic, space group Pn, with a = 13.759 (16), b = 7.950 (2), c = 7.244 (2) A, / 3 = 103.20 (4)O, and 2 = 2. A total of 2050 reflections have been used in the refinement, resulting in a final R = 0.039. The platinum center has a distorted octahedral geometry having a mer coordination of the (C6H3(CHzNMe2)z-2,6) (abbreviated NCN) ligand via C(ipso) (1.96 (3) A) and the two mutually trans positioned NMez roups. There is a atoms (2.324 (4) and 2.329 ( 5 ) A). Crystals of 5d are hexagonal, space group R3, with a = 37.463 (7), c = 7.908 (3) A, and 2 = 18. A total of 755 reflections have been used in the refinement, resulting in a final R = 0.024. The structure of 5d shows a mer coordination of the NCN li and (Pt-C(ipso) 2.00 (2) A), one axial iodide (Pt-I 2.811 (3) A), and one meridial iodide (Pt-I 2.813 (3) 1). The remaining axial position is occupied by a 4-tolyl group (Pt-C(ipso) 2.12 (3) A). The cis orientation of the aryl groups (C(ips0)-Pt-C'(ips0) 94 (1)') is noteworthy and is the result of the fixed attachment of the NCN ligand to the Pt(1V) center. The NMe2 groupings of the latter ligand hinder rotation of the 4-tolyl group along the Pt-C(ipso) axis ('H NMR 6 H(2) 6.01 and 6 H(6) 8.94). On the basis of extensive product formation studies it is concluded that the oxidative addition reactions of dihalogens to square-planar platinum(I1) complexes proceed via the S N 2 type mechanism, usually leading to trans-X2 arrangements in the product. When steric factors prevent this configuration or when the trans-X2 product is thermodynamically unstable, cis-X2 products are found. In the case of formation of 5d, this reaction is a unique route for synthesizing the complex, as any attempt to prepare this compound by substitution of Br in [PtBr,(NCN)] by 4-tolyl in reactions with 4-tolyllithium failed. significant difference in Pt-Cl bond lengths between the meridial C1 atom (2.445 (7) 1 ) and the axial C1 CH Utrecht, T h e Netherlands. processes are stabilized by the NCN ligand and can be isolated. An example is the isolation of stable squarepyramidal Pt(I1)-Hg(I1) intermediates from reactions of [PtBr(NCN)] with mercury(I1) formamidino, triazenido, and carboxylato compounds, which provides evidence that dinuclear Pt-Hg compounds are key intermediates in reactions between neutral organoplatinum(I1) complexes and mercury salt^.^-^(1) (a) van Koten, G.; Timmer, K.; Noltes, J. G.; Spek, A. L. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1978,250. (b) Grove, D. M.; van Koten, G.; Ubbels, H. J. C.; Spek, A. L. (2) van der Ploeg, A. F. M. J.; van Koten, G.; Vrieze, K.; Spek, A...

Aggregation without aggravation: A rapid and accurate estimation of the phase structure of amphiphilic molecules is made possible with a new computer simulation technique that excellently reproduces the aggregation behavior of such compounds. For dodecyldimethylamine oxide it is demonstrated how the micellar, hexagonal (see picture for isodensity profile), and lamella surfactant mesostructures can be calculated.

Drug combinations provide effective treatments for diverse diseases, but also represent a major cause of adverse reactions. Currently there is no systematic understanding of how the complex cellular perturbations induced by different drugs influence each other. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework for classifying any interaction between perturbations with high-dimensional effects into 12 interaction types. We apply our framework to a large-scale imaging screen of cell morphology changes induced by diverse drugs and their combination, resulting in a perturbome network of 242 drugs and 1832 interactions. Our analysis of the chemical and biological features of the drugs reveals distinct molecular fingerprints for each interaction type. We find a direct link between drug similarities on the cell morphology level and the distance of their respective protein targets within the cellular interactome of molecular interactions. The interactome distance is also predictive for different types of drug interactions.

Networks provide a powerful representation of interacting components within complex systems, making them ideal for visually and analytically exploring big data. However, the size and complexity of many networks render static visualizations on typically-sized paper or screens impractical, resulting in proverbial ‘hairballs’. Here, we introduce a Virtual Reality (VR) platform that overcomes these limitations by facilitating the thorough visual, and interactive, exploration of large networks. Our platform allows maximal customization and extendibility, through the import of custom code for data analysis, integration of external databases, and design of arbitrary user interface elements, among other features. As a proof of concept, we show how our platform can be used to interactively explore genome-scale molecular networks to identify genes associated with rare diseases and understand how they might contribute to disease development. Our platform represents a general purpose, VR-based data exploration platform for large and diverse data types by providing an interface that facilitates the interaction between human intuition and state-of-the-art analysis methods.

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