A review on the use of indigestible dietary markers to determine total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in horses

Sales, J.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.005

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Lignin was rejected as a reliable marker to calculate digestibility because the actual value was greatly underestimated, probably because of the lack of recovery in feces (Miraglia et al, 1999). This is also consistent with recent findings by Sales (2012). In that study, a meta-analysis of independent experiments showed that digestibility coefficients of forage-only diets were similarly estimated by AIA and total collection whereas acid detergent lignin resulted in lower apparent digestibility coefficients with both forage-only and forage and concentrate diets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Phosphorus balance and fecal losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed forage-only diets1

Ögren

Holtenius

Jansson

2013

Journal of Animal Science

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This study examined the P balance and fecal P losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed a forage-only diet with or without P supplementation and assessed the magnitude and proportion of the soluble, inorganic P (Pi) fraction in feces. Fourteen Standardbred horses (aged 20.0 ± 0.3 mo) adapted to ad libitum intake of grass forage containing 0.25% P were used in a crossover experiment investigating 2 dietary treatments with (high-P) and without (low-P) mineral supplementation for 6 d. Daily feed intake and refusals were weighed. Spot samples of feces were collected twice daily on d 4 to 6 and analyzed for total P and Pi. Acid-insoluble ash was used as a marker for total fecal output. Spot samples of urine were collected once on d 4 to 6 and analyzed for P and creatinine. Daily P intake was greater (P < 0.001) for the high-P diet (32.0 ± 0.6 g) than the low-P diet (17.5 ± 0.6 g), and the individual intake ranged from 13.3 to 38.4 g/d. Total fecal excretion of P was also greater (P < 0.001) for the high-P diet (30.3 ± 0.8 g/d) than the low-P diet (17.0 ± 0.8 g/d) whereas excretion in urine was less than 0.2 g/d on both diets. Using simple regression analysis, fecal endogenous P losses were estimated to be less than 10 mg/kg BW. Phosphorus retention was 1.6 ± 0.6 and 0.3 ± 0.6 g/d on the high- and low-P diets, respectively, but only that for the high-P diet was greater (P < 0.05) than 0 g/d. The proportion of Pi of total fecal P excretion was 100 ± 3% for the high-P diet and 87 ± 3% for the low-P diet (P = 0.005) and Pi increased linearly with P intake (y = 1.10x - 4.44; r(2) = 0.91; CV = 9.9%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, on this forage-only diet significant retention of P occurred at a daily P intake of 7.1 g/100 kg BW. Phosphorus was mainly excreted in feces and both total fecal P and Pi excretion had a strong relationship to P intake. More than 80% of total P appeared to be soluble. Fecal endogenous P losses were similar to those described previously in growing horses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Phosphorus balance and fecal losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed forage-only diets1

Ögren

Holtenius

Jansson

2013

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Alkane faecal recovery decisively influences intake and digestibility estimates. The present AFR were in the range given by Sales (2012) for plant alkanes. According to Sales (2012), AFR of alkanes was generally high but not consistently complete.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The present AFR were in the range given by Sales (2012) for plant alkanes. According to Sales (2012), AFR of alkanes was generally high but not consistently complete. Incomplete AFR may be explained by the partial absorption of alkane molecules in the small intestine (Kolattukudy & Hankin 1966;Mayes et al 1988) and probably not by microbial fermentation (Keli et al 2008), as digestion does not occur over the time of passage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of dynamics of faecal concentrations of plant and synthetic n-alkanes on their suitability for the estimation of dry matter intake and apparent digestibility in horses

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYIn horses, the quantity of faeces and the faecal concentrations of plant and synthetic alkanes are inconsistent throughout the day. The estimation of feed intake and digestibility can additionally be limited by irregular and incomplete faecal recovery of alkanes that are used as dietary markers. The correction of alkane concentrations minimizes the bias of estimates, but requires the determination of faeces quantity by total collection. However, in consideration of the dynamics of alkane concentrations in faeces, sampling at selected timeframes throughout a day may be useful in avoiding such correction. Five adult horses were fed a hay-based diet offered three times a day in equal amounts. Horses received a bolus with similar quantities of n-octacosane (C28), n-dotriacontane (C32) and n-hexatriacontane (C36) synthetic alkanes twice a day. Total faeces were quantified over 3 consecutive days. Dry matter intake (DMI), output (DMO) and digestibility (DMD) were determined from the total collection trial and additionally estimated for each of 12 equal timeframes throughout the day. The diurnal patterns of the single faeces quantity (SFQ) and faecal alkane concentrations were similar between horses and were repeated from day to day. The intra-day dynamic of SFQ was pronounced. The dynamic of the faecal concentration was much more pronounced when the alkane was administered twice instead of three times a day. The faecal recovery of alkanes that has been calculated from the total collection trial ranged from 82 ± 4·1% for C36 to 108 ± 11·1% for C28. Measured DMI was 12·0 kg/day, measured DMO was 5·9 kg/day and measured DMD was 0·51. Reliable estimates were obtained for DMI with 12·3 ± 0·79 kg/day for the combination of n-nonacosane (C29) and C28 and 12·1 ± 1·01 kg/day for the combination of n-tritriacontane (C33) and C28 at 2 h after administration, and 12·1 ± 0·96 kg/day for the combination of n-hentriacontane (C31) and C32 at 2 h prior to the morning meal, which included the first bolus administration. When calculated from DMO and DMD, DMI was 12·2 ± 0·89 kg/day for C29 and 12 ± 1·0 kg/day for C33 between 5 and 6 h after the morning meal. Estimates of DMD were unbiased between the 3rd and 4th hour after the morning meal with 0·52 ± 0·014 for C29 and 0·51 ± 0·021 for C33, respectively. The DMO was 5·7 ± 0·34 kg/day and 6·1 ± 0·43 kg/day when estimated 3–4 h after the 2nd meal, or prior to the 2nd bolus administration, using the product of SFQ and the daily defecation frequency or the synthetic alkanes, respectively. Knowledge of defecation dynamics might be helpful for simplifying experimental trials. They specifically followed intake dynamics, which can prospectively be used to select sampling timeframes. Based upon current results, a selection of two to three spot samples of faeces that are evenly distributed between 2 h before and 6 h after the morning meal, which was the time of bolus administration, allows for the greatest reliability. Defecation dynamics are probably less influenced by ration/bolus type, rate of exercise, or gut peristalsis, which nevertheless can result in individual shifts of optimal timeframes.

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“…Direct measurement of voluntary DMI of hay cannot be used in group-housed animals and warrants use of indigestible markers as an alternative strategy (Sales, 2012). Thus, alternative methods must be used to estimate intake indirectly by dividing total fecal excretion by indigestible nutrients from the diet (Dove and Mayes, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct measurement of voluntary DMI of hay is difficult when using large numbers of group-housed animals and warrants use of indigestible markers as an alternative strategy (Sales, 2012). Dual-marker systems, consisting of an internal and an external marker, can be used to estimate DMI in pasture-housed animals by measuring DM digestibility and fecal output, respectively (Cochran et al, 1986(Cochran et al, , 1987Owens and Hanson, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of maternal plane of nutrition on mares and their foals: Determination of mare performance and voluntary dry matter intake during late pregnancy using a dual-marker system

Winsco

Coverdale

Wickersham

et al. 2013

Journal of Animal Science

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Thirty pregnant mares (538 to 695 kg BW; 4 to 19 yr of age) were used to evaluate the effects of plane of nutrition on DMI of hay and mare performance (BW, BCS, and rump fat) during the last third of pregnancy. Mares were divided into 4 blocks by their expected foaling date and randomly assigned within block to either a hay or concentrate plus hay diet (concentrate fed at 0.75% BW, as-fed basis) with 15 mares per treatment. Treatments began 110 d before expected foaling date (230 d of gestation) and terminated at parturition. Mares were housed by block and allowed ad libitum access to coastal Bermuda grass (C. dactylon) hay, and concentrate-supplemented mares were fed twice daily in individual stalls. Performance variables were recorded every 14 d, with the last measurements obtained before foaling being considered a prepartum measurement. To evaluate DMI of hay, a dual-marker system was used at 9, 10, and 11 mo of gestation. Titanium dioxide was dosed at 10 g for 14 d. Fecal grab samples were obtained on the last 4 d twice daily via rectal palpation at 12-h intervals with times advancing 3 h each day to account for diurnal variation and to ultimately represent a 24-h period. Fecal samples were analyzed for TiO2 using a colorimetric procedure. Fecal, concentrate, and hay samples were also analyzed for acid detergent insoluble ash. Treatment tended to influence prepartum BW (P = 0.09) and affected prepartum BCS (P < 0.01) and rump fat (P = 0.01), with hay-fed mares having decreased BW and BCS from d 0 (beginning of feeding trial or d 230 of gestation) until parturition, whereas mares fed concentrate gained BW and BCS (P < 0.01). Mares fed only hay consumed 2.3% BW of forage compared with 1.8% BW for concentrate-fed mares (P < 0.01). Regardless of treatment, month of gestation influenced forage intake (P < 0.06), with mares consuming less during the 10th month of gestation and more in the 11th month (1.9% and 2.2% BW, respectively). These data indicate that the altered plane of nutrition of mares in late gestation influenced mare performance. Furthermore, DMI of hay was influenced by both diet and month of gestation. Continued research investigating manipulation of maternal nutrition and its effects on DMI would be beneficial to completely understand the relationships of these observations.

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A review on the use of indigestible dietary markers to determine total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in horses

Cited by 15 publications

References 81 publications

Phosphorus balance and fecal losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed forage-only diets1

Phosphorus balance and fecal losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed forage-only diets1

Impact of dynamics of faecal concentrations of plant and synthetic n-alkanes on their suitability for the estimation of dry matter intake and apparent digestibility in horses

Influence of maternal plane of nutrition on mares and their foals: Determination of mare performance and voluntary dry matter intake during late pregnancy using a dual-marker system

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