A Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa

Möse, J R; Kagira, John; Kamau, David; Maina, Naomi; Ngotho, Maina; Karanja, Simon

doi:10.1155/2020/7135268

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Toxoplasmosis is likely to be transmitted from mother to fetus by placental invasion by tachyzoites leading to their multiplication within placental cells and some tachyzoites accessing fetal circulation or transmitted during vaginal delivery [16]. Maternal immune-compromise (as in our first case) and primary infection during pregnancy and within three months before conception confer a higher risk of mother-to-fetus transmission [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

A First Report on Experience in Managing Infants with Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia: Case Reports and a Review of Evaluation and Treatment

Alemayehu

Assefa²,

Deribessa

et al. 2021

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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Background. Congenital toxoplasmosis is a major sequela of untreated primary maternal infection. With or without symptoms, untreated infections eventually lead to multiple neurologic complications. Despite the high Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the Ethiopian population, there are no reports of newborns diagnosed and treated for congenital toxoplasmosis. Presentation of Cases. The clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of three infants with congenital toxoplasmosis are described. Two were symptomatic at birth. All three had confirmed diagnoses using Toxoplasma serologic tests. Two completed their treatment with one infant developing complications of strabismus and seizure disorder. Discussion and Conclusions. There is little experience in managing congenital toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia due to constraints in diagnostics and therapy. The description of this first such report underscores the need for risk assessment and evaluation during antenatal care to obtain favorable fetal outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

A First Report on Experience in Managing Infants with Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia: Case Reports and a Review of Evaluation and Treatment

Alemayehu

Assefa²,

Deribessa

et al. 2021

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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“…The seroprevalence of T. gondii varies substantially between the geographic regions throughout the world. The parasite is particularly more prevalent in Western European, South American and African countries (33). The prevalence of toxoplasmosis can be seen as a proxy reflecting the hygienic and dietary practices of human populations.…”

Section: Epidemiology Burden Global Prevalence and Risk Factors Of Toxoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

2020

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SUMMARY Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the world’s human population. The parasite has an impressive ability to disseminate within the host’s body and employs various tactics to overcome the highly regulatory blood-brain barrier and reside in the brain. In healthy individuals, T. gondii infection is largely tolerated without any obvious ill effects. However, primary infection in immunosuppressed patients can result in acute cerebral or systemic disease, and reactivation of latent tissue cysts can lead to a deadly outcome. It is imperative that treatment of life-threatening toxoplasmic encephalitis is timely and effective. Several therapeutic and prophylactic regimens have been used in clinical practice. Current approaches can control infection caused by the invasive and highly proliferative tachyzoites but cannot eliminate the dormant tissue cysts. Adverse events and other limitations are associated with the standard pyrimethamine-based therapy, and effective vaccines are unavailable. In this review, the epidemiology, economic impact, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis are discussed, and critical areas for future research are highlighted.

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“…Toxoplasmosis is a widely prevalent zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii . The definitive hosts are domestic and wild cats while intermediate hosts are all mammals including human [13].Toxoplasmosis regarded as a main cause of miscarriage and serious health problem in different countries [14], and usually asymptomatic except in immunocompromised people may show some clinical manifestations such as encephalitis , myocarditis, pneumonitis [15]. Several methods have been used for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii including serological tests, polymerase chain reaction, Histological examination or by isolation of the organism [16].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG was detected in 220 (44.4%) and IgM in 55 (11.1%) from 496 serum samples taken from pregnant women by ELISA technique [18]. [13] also used ELISA technique and found IgG in 36.45% and IgM in 4.52% tested samples, while [19] found varies percentage of anti-toxoplasma antibodies 29.4% (58 out of 197) of IgG whereas IgM positive was 5.6%. [20] Found that 18.3% samples were positive for IgG and 1.0% for IgM using ELISA method.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-epidemiological Study of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Akre City

Saadi¹,

Ahmed²

2020

KJAR

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Recently has been observed globally that toxoplasmosis disease was caused by Toxoplasma gondii and generally its asymptomatic infection in people except pregnant women. Many previous studies were suggested this pathogen transmits by ingesting of undercooked or raw meat contaminated with the oocytes of this parasite. The study aimed to show the seroreactivity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant women and to evaluate association of studied risk factors with infected cases. ELISA technique used for detection of anti-toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies. A biography form interview for participant was performed to estimate between the risk factors and toxoplasmosis. The present study was carried out from the beginning of October 2018 to the end of March 2019 and included 90 pregnant women visited Akre general hospital. Out of 90 tested samples, 49 (54.46%) and 4 (4.44%) were positive for IgG and IgM respectively. According to residency factor, pregnant women from villages had higher percentages of IgG (57.14%) and IgM (4.08%) than those lived in the city which were recorded 0% and 48.48%of IgM and IgG respectively. A high percentage of IgG (65.64%) and IgM (7.27%) were found among pregnant women with history of miscarriage. Seropositivity for both IgG (61.90 %) and IgM (9.52%) was higher among pregnant women who had cats compared to those without cat. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG was 9.67% and 54.83% among population who had undercooked meat, while 1.69% and 59.23% were positive for IgM and IgG respectively, in those well cooked meat meal. Highest positive percentage of IgG (77.77%) was recorded at ages 40-50 years while the lowest rate was (40%) at ages <20 year. Through a seropositive reaction was found that age groups as a possible risk factor by ELISA IgG in which risk increased by rising of age categories. Significant correlation was detected between consumption of undercooked meat and cases positive for IgM. It revealed the association between third trimester and cases with positive IgM. In the conclusion, toxoplasmosis is widespread in the area which requires raising awareness among pregnant women to decrease T. gondii infection and subsequently minimize possibilities of congenital transmission.

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A Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa

Cited by 31 publications

References 79 publications

A First Report on Experience in Managing Infants with Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia: Case Reports and a Review of Evaluation and Treatment

A First Report on Experience in Managing Infants with Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia: Case Reports and a Review of Evaluation and Treatment

Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Sero-epidemiological Study of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Akre City

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